Placental Mitochondria Dysfunction as a Decisive Factor for Retained Placenta in Bovine?

Abstract

Abstract Pregnancy is a highly energy-demanding process that utilizes the ATP from mitochondria and balances adequate functions and nutritional requirements. Many of these functions are driven by the placenta, which provides appropriate requirements for maintaining the pregnancy and development of fetal growth. As calving-related and postpartum disorders in mothers and offspring are connected to poor pregnancy circumstances, placental function is also critical for long-term health. During gestation, the placental cellular structure undergoes cell differentiation, leading to various modifications like variations in morphology, bioenergetics, hormones, nutrition, and metabolic and mitochondrial changes in the placenta and also increased metabolic activity, free radical production, and oxidative damage. Any changes to this process could manifest in an excess production of reactive oxygen species, which could contribute to the retention of placenta. Retention of the placenta is the most common calving-related postpartum reproductive disorder in highly productive animals, which negatively influences the productive and reproductive performance of the animals. It occurs due to an imbalance in various factors such as disorders; hormonal and nutritional disturbance, metabolic changes, hereditary predispositions, antioxidants, and negative energy balance collaborate in the progression of oxidative stress and may be mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are energy providers to the placenta for various functions and the leading site for steroidogenesis, which is one of the essential factors for the retention of the placenta. An increase in placental oxidative stress and various factors linked with placental mitochondria are associated with various placental disorders. Thus, here we review the relationship between the mechanism underlying placental mitochondrial dysfunction and fetal membrane expulsion. Mitochondrial dysfunctions may be a substantial causative factor in the retention of the placenta same, as various reproductive disorders. We outline the placental mitochondrial functions and their relationship with causative factors of retained placenta in bovine.