IABPC: An Improved Angle-Based Path Clustering Protocol for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Abstract Sensor nodes are generally placed in areas that are inaccessible. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are designed to efficiently collect data from sensor nodes and forward it to sinks. Many technological obstacles must be overcome before WSN can be implemented and used effectively. Battery life and signal range are two factors causing many of these technological hurdles. Batteries are the primary source of power for WSNs due to their primary functions, which include sensing, computing, and multi-hop communication. It is crucial for WSNs to maintain the vitality of their sensor nodes. For WSNs to last longer, energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocols are required. This paper proposes an improved angle-based path clustering (IABPC) approach that uses parameters such as residual energy and angle to select the Channel Head and Gateway nodes. The performances of proposed IABPC protocol are evaluated by comparing residual energy, lifetime, packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency, and end-to-end delay with existing protocol Adaptive Routing Protocol with Energy Efficiency (ARPEES) and Event Clustering an Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy protocols (SEECH) respectively. In comparison to ARPEES and SEECH protocols, IABPC protocol achieved higher residual energy and lifetime by 13.1% and 6.1%, a packet delivery ratio of 12.7% and 7%, greater energy efficiency of 13.3% and 7.6% than ARPEES and SEECH protocols, and an increased packet delivery ratio of 13.4%. Several regions are created in the proposed protocol to extend the network lifetime.