Vanished Livelihoods’: Reverberations of Civil War in Swat, Pakistan

Abstract

This article specifically probes, how the Taliban occupation and subsequent civil war caused disaster, destruction and damages—which severely distressed sustainable household livelihoods in Swat region of Pakistan. This case study relies on primary data from a household survey conducted in five out of seven conflict affected sub-districts of Swat. The quantitative methodology consists of a two-step procedure. First, a k-means clustering tool validates the household classification in Swat. The clustering algorithm produces five robust clusters (i.e., k = 5). Second, we find asset base (human, physical, social, natural and financial) constraints in pursuing alternate high return and sustainable livelihood possibilities. This study reveals specific limitations in terms of human and financial capitals in the region. Nevertheless, physical capital’s enhancement and asset values, increase the likelihood of adopting high-income portfolios. Therefore, we highlight priority improvements in wide-ranging infrastructural necessities. We maintain that these factors possess strong potential to enhance household specific asset deficiencies and make household livelihood choices sustainable again. Such sustainability has potential to diminish their chances to sympathise and join militants once more. If not, they may come under their potent influence again—as widely circulated reports in media about violent incidents reveal these days.