Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Microglia are key drivers of neuroinflammation and in response to different inflammatory stimuli overexpress a proinflammatory signature of genes. Among these, Ch25h is a gene overexpressed in brain tissue from Alzheimer’s disease as well as various mouse models of neuroinflammation. Ch25h encodes cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, an enzyme upregulated in activated microglia under conditions of neuroinflammation, hydroxylates cholesterol to form 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC can be further metabolized to 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, which is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes. We have previously shown that 25HC increases production and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, by primary mouse microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, wildtype (WT) and Ch25h-knockout (CKO) mice were peripherally administered LPS to induce an inflammatory state in the brain. In LPS-treated WT mice, Ch25h expression and 25HC levels increased in brain relative to vehicle-treated WT mice. Among LPS-treated WT mice, females produced significantly higher levels of 25HC and showed transcriptomic changes reflecting higher levels of cytokine production and leukocyte migration than WT male mice. However, females were similar to males among LPS-treated CKO mice. Ch25h-deficiency coincided with decreased microglial activation in CKO mice relative to WT mice in response to systemic LPS. Proinflammatory cytokine production and intra-parenchymal infiltration of leukocytes were significantly lower in CKO compared to WT mice. Amounts of IL-1b and IL-6 in the brain strongly correlated with 25HC levels. Our results suggest a proinflammatory role for 25HC in the brain following peripheral administration of LPS.