Raman spectroscopy analysis of 752 urinary stones comparison to Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy

Abstract

Abstract Purpose. we employed Raman spectroscopy to analyze kidney stones compared the results with those obtained through FTIR spectroscopy to assess the reliability and accuracy of both techniques. Material and methods February2019 to October 2023, a series of 752 stone samples was received at our center. The stones were obtained from spontaneous passage, SWL, URS and PCNL All stones were washed and dried. The stones were washed with deionized water to remove debris such as blood, mucus and gypsum. All samples were analyzed by 1064-nm Raman spectroscopy and IR. spectroscopy. Results A total of 752 stone analyses were performed in this study. Most the stone samples have been found to be mixtures of two or three mineral components . 4.9% (n = 37) were pure stones, 47.2% (n =355) were composed of two components and 47.9% (n = 360) of three or more components. Besides, calcium salts were found in 86.4% (n = 650) of these stones, compared with 13.6% (n = 102) for non-calcium stones. Stones containing CaOx dominated in the whole series, with a proportion of 57.4%, followed by CA (28.9%), UA (6.3%), MAP (6.8%), Cystine (0.4%), and other stone constituents (0.2%). Conclusions The findings of our study demonstrate the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy in diagnosing kidney stones, making it a promising tool for future clinical applications. Raman spectroscopy offers easier operability, a better signal-to-noise ratio, and lower background, which enables results to be obtained quickly via automated analyses.