Knowledge, practices, and barriers to access of emergency contraceptive pills in married women and men - a cross-sectional study from outpatient clinics in Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Abstract Background: Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are significantly underutilized in many parts of the world, especially in South Asia. Within Pakistan, despite the population surge, the utilization of ECPs remains alarmingly low. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practices regarding ECPs amongst married women and men in Karachi, Pakistan and the possible barriers hindering access to and utilization of these contraceptives. Methodology: A multi-centric cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Interviews were conducted with participants using a validated questionnaire involving different sections regarding demographics, knowledge, practices, and barriers to ECPs. Descriptive analysis was done on categorical variables and were summarized through frequencies and percentages while continuous variables were characterized using mean and standard deviation. A Chi-square test of variance was applied to find out the association between knowledge scores and different categorical values. A P-value of <0.05 at 95% CI was statistically significant. Results: Over half of the respondents (52.5%) were not using any method of contraception. 11.1% of respondents had used ECP at some point in their life. 337 (85.8%) participants had low knowledge, 55 (14%) had moderate, and only 1 (0.25%) had high knowledge regarding ECPs. There was no significant association between knowledge scores and gender, age, employment status, or parity. However, participants who had received counseling for family planning in the past or had previously used ECPs had significantly higher knowledge regarding ECPs. A majority 58% (221) of the participants expressed concerns about the potential side effects and 128 (33.9%) of them believed that ECPs were in contradiction to their religious and moral values. Conclusion: Our study in Karachi, Pakistan, highlights critical challenges in ECP awareness, utilization, and family planning. Although the results show improved ECP usage than studies previously done in Pakistan, there is a further need to increase the reach of ECPs through a variety of methods. Persistent myths and misconceptions and a severe lack of awareness further hinder their utilization.