Unveiling the Multifaceted Associations between Work, Psychosocial Risks, and Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Italian workforce

Abstract

Abstract Background Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) pose a significant occupational health challenge and are the leading cause of disability worldwide. These conditions can adversely affect health, quality of life, productivity and result in substantial social and public costs. Psychosocial risk factors have been identified as having a causal link or worsening various MSDs. Given the advancements in technology and digitalization that may lead to new work tasks and organizational changes, MSDs and psychosocial risks have become top priorities for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) initiatives. This study investigates the association between occupational characteristics, exposure to work-related psychosocial risks, and MSDs in a large cohort of Italian workers. Methods: The study draws upon data from a cross-sectional national survey, INSuLa-2, conducted in 2019 by the Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL). The survey involved 8,000 Italian workers, representing the national workforce population. The data analysis focused on variables related to psychosocial risks and MSDs, encompassing sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, psychosocial risks, and health-related aspects. Results: The study population had a mean age of 43.3 ± 11.5 years, with a majority of males (55.5%). The manufacturing/primary industry/mining/utilities sector was the most prevalent occupational sector (25.0%), with blue-collar workers (46.2%) and employees (43.1%) being the most common occupational groups. Participants reported a high prevalence of psychosocial risks, including elevated levels of violence and harassment (43.0%) and job insecurity (44.4%). Among MSDs, back pain was the most prevalent (45.3%), followed by shoulder, neck, and/or upper limb pain (39.4%), and lower limb pain (32.1%). Age, female gender, low educational level, and a BMI higher than 30 were identified as significant risk factors for experiencing MSDs. Occupational sectors with higher risks of MSDs included agriculture, fishing, hunting, healthcare, and social assistance. Furthermore, blue-collar workers were found to have a higher likelihood of experiencing MSDs compared to employees. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the association between occupational characteristics, psychosocial risk factors, and MSDs in a substantial cohort of Italian workers. The findings suggest that workers exposed to psychosocial risks in the workplace face an increased risk of MSDs. Consequently, the prevention of MSDs and psychosocial risks should be integrated into workplace health and safety programs to enhance employee health, well-being, and productivity.