Silica Extraction From Rice Hull Ash Through the Sol-gel Process Under Ultrasound

Abstract

Abstract Rice is among the main foods produced in the world and is part of the daily diet of most families. The main waste from rice processing is rice husk (RH), which has been used as biomass for energy generation through combustion. In this process, rice husk ash (RHA) is generated as a residue, and its silica (SiO2) content varies from 85–98%. The present work describes the study of the extraction of silica from RHA by the ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method. An experimental design based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the symmetrical, second-order Rotational Central Composite Design (RCCD) was applied to determine the best extraction conditions considering extraction time and molar ratio (n) as variables = nNaOH / nSilica). These optimal conditions were then applied to three ash samples, two obtained by the combustion process in a boiler furnace, with a mobile grate system (RHAC1 and RHAC2), and one obtained by the pyrolysis process (RHAP) carried out in a fixed bed reactor. Results showed that a molar ratio of 4.4, and an extraction time of 107 minutes were the best extraction conditions, leading to a yield of 73.3% for RHAP, 43.9% for RHAC1, and 31.1% for RHAC2. It was found that the extraction yield and textural properties of the silica obtained depend on the characteristics of the ash used. The silica extracted from RHAC1 presented a surface area of ​​465 m2.g− 1, mesopores of 4.69 nm, purity greater than 95%, and an ultra-fine granulometric distribution, reaching nanoparticle dimensions, characteristics comparable to commercially available silicas.