Stimulation of M2 Macrophage Polarization and Presentation of Tumor Antigens by Hybrid Hydrogel Based on Lysate of M1 Macrophages and Tumor Cells for Activation of Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy

Abstract

Abstract Tumor therapy remains a major challenge in modern medicine. In recent years, autologous cell-derived hydrogels have gained significant attention as an innovative treatment strategy and have been extensively investigated for their potential applications in tumor immunotherapy. They not only directly interact with cells but also provide an ideal scaffold structure, facilitating the restoration of tumor tissue to a normal state. Moreover, hydrogels demonstrate excellent drug loading capacity for targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. As they are derived from the patient's own cells, immunological rejection and safety concerns associated with exogenous materials can be avoided. Here, we prepared the hybrid hydrogel with the combination of tumor cells lysate and M1 macrophages lysate. The M1 macrophages lysate polarized the M2 macrophages, otherwise, the induced M1 macrophages could uptake the tumor antigens from the prepared hybrid hydrogel. Then, they will present the tumor antigens and stimulate the naïve T cells. The activated T cells will specifically kill the tumors. Therefore, the platform of autologous hybrid cells lysate will be helpful for the tumor immunotherapy.