Appraisal on hepatocellular carcinoma in male rats via reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory markers of isothiocyanate-rich dichloromethane extracts from Brassica oleracea as a natural protector agent

Abstract

Abstract The cruciferous vegetable kale (Brassica olraceae var. sabellica 'Lacinato') is a new Egyptian cultivar originating from the USA. We implanted it in sandy and clay soils. The sandy soil has higher concentrations of glucosinolates and total isothiocyanate (TITC) than the clay soil. This study used a multi-purpose chromatographic technique to analyze it, which simultaneously separates glucosinolates and isothiocyanate by hydrolysis methods with the measure by spectrophotometer-methods at 320 nm for isothiocyanate, giving 1.62 ug/g in dichloromethane extract, and 425 nm for glucosinolates, giving 4.32 ug/g in sandy soil compared to HPLC methods, giving 2.06 ug/ml as glucoraphanin and 58.51 ug/ml as sulforaphane. Kales have different biological effects as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In the existing study, twenty-four male rats were sorted into four groups: control group, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats, HCC rats treated with 15 mg/kg TITC (orally), and HCC rats treated with 30 mg/kg TITC (orally). A significant decrease in the plasma level of cancer markers (glypican-3 (GPC3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGP), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)) as compared to the DEN group was recorded in HCC rats treated with TITC. The medication of HCC rats with ITC restrained the significant rise in enzymes of the liver, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and histopathological changes. Also, ITC relieved the increase in the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, the rats given ITC and DEN showed a significant decrease in hepatic nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and a significant enhancement in reduced glutathione (GSH) as compared to the DEN group. The histopathological changes were lowered by TITC treatment. We can conclude that the hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of TITC may contribute to its protective effect against DEN-induced HCC.