Risk-Benefits Assessment of Calcium Supplementation Based on Multi-Dimensional Nutritional Profiles in a Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Abstract Background Calcium intake is an essential component of a healthy diet and has been linked to numerous health benefits, including the prevention of osteoporosis and reduction of fracture risk in children and adults. The most plausible consequence of insufficient calcium intake can lead to osteoporosis over decades, which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality with high burden of disease. However, attention should be given to the risk of potential overdoses, since some trials have linked excessive calcium supplementation to increased risk of health complications. Methods Our study aimed to evaluate the possible factors influencing the participants’ calcium profile through a “dietary intake specific questionnaire” to achieve the optimal calcium and vitamin D intake in the prevention of or during therapies for osteoporosis. A comprehensive multi-dimensional dietary survey was administered to evaluate various aspects of the participants' diets, including dietary and supplemented calcium intake, vitamin D exposure, vitamin supplementation profile, and relevant lifestyle parameters. In this article, we specifically analyzed the calcium intake profiles and pharmacovigilance aspects of the study participants. Results We received 478 evaluable datasets. The dietary calcium intake, on average, was close to optimal in the general public. Supplementation safety concerns were raised for the public in less than 7% of patients, who were reported to have a potential overload in daily calcium intake. Albeit, one-third (34%) of the population had a significant deficiency (average: 544 mg/day), and this effect was more relevant among ≤ 25-years old individuals, of them only less than 37% of the responders had an optimal calcium intake. More than half (52%) of the dietary calcium deficient participants did not take any additional calcium supplements. Although, in 73% of general population, most calcium supplementation dosage in use was equal to or below 200 mg/day. Conclusion Our study highlights the importance to implement a “Patient Focused Motivation Strategy” as a broader approach in pharmaceutical care for increasing the patient’s knowledge, understanding the needs of supplementation, and selecting the correct form and dose of the available non-prescription products. It is important to maintain motivation and adherence to the recommended therapy to achieve optimal health outcomes.