Parasocial relationships and identification with fictional characters in adolescents and adults: a systematic review

Abstract

Abstract Parasocial relations and identification are phenomena linked to the consumption of any mass media. Existing literature indicates that they can satisfy attachment needs and play a role in the construction of personal identity. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the development of parasocial relationships and identification with fictional characters in adults and adolescents, as well as the impact of these processes on social relationships, attachment, personality, and personal identity. On 23 January 2023, a search was conducted in two databases (Scopus and Web of Science) that included articles in the field of Psychology, written in English or Spanish, and published between 2008 and 2022, inclusive. Of the 355 articles that were identified, only 12 studies were selected after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was then extracted and synthesized using a type of thematic analysis known as template analysis. The results shed light on the variables involved in the development of parasocial relationships and identification, as well as the positive impact of these processes on identity formation and mental health, but also on potential problems such as stigma. An integrative model is proposed. In conclusion, this systematic review compiles and interprets evidence on the psychological significance of individuals' engagement with fictional characters and the relationships they form with them. This information may prove useful in therapy and personal development. Suggestions for future research related to the findings and limitations are provided.