Levels and Factors of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) among Female College Students

Abstract

Abstract Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects women’s physical and mental health. Depression, stress, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems have been known to influence PMS. Furthermore, restrictions of daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to changes in sleep patterns and eating attitudes. Thus, it is necessary to closely examine how these factors affect PMS. This study aimed to examine the levels of PMS, stress, depression, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems among female college students who experience dysmenorrhea and determine the factors associated with PMS. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey design was conducted using a convenience sample of 143 female college students in C City, South Korea. Differences in participants' level of PMS according to physical health variables (e.g., smoking, water intake, menstrual pain intensity) and psychological issues (i.e., stress, depression, sleep disturbances, and eating attitude problems) were assessed with independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVAs. Correlational analyses between these variables were also conducted. Additionally, multiple regression was performed to identify the factors influencing PMS. Results: PMS severity was between normal (27.3%) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (72.7%). PMS was associated positively with depression (r=.284, p=001), stress (r=.284, p=.001), sleep disturbance (r=.440, p< .001), and eating attitude problems (r=.266, p=.001). Additionally, menstrual pain intensity (β=.204), sleep disturbances (β=.375), and eating attitude problems (β=.202) were found to influence PMS. The regression model was significant (F=16.553, p<.001) with an explanatory power of 24.7%. Conclusions: Considering the influencing factors of PMS identified in this study, interventions for participants experiencing PMS should be made. We propose that further study should be conducted to examine whether the severity of PMDD changes according to menstrual pain, the pattern and degree of its change, and the paths through which sleep quality and eating attitude problems affect PMS.