1. Shimkin is famous for conducting research that linked cigarette smoking to lung cancer.) They selected HIP because its director of research had been a statistician for the Public Health Service and one of its radiologists had already been trained in Egan's mammography. HIP was also chosen because of its very large member pool (about 700,000 people) and its advanced electronic data system. The team that ran the study included Sam Shapiro, the statistician, Philip Strax, the radiologist, and Louis Venet, a clinician who handled referrals (and was needed, Shimkin recalls, to persuade surgeons to conduct surgery on patients who had no palpable cancers);The idea for the study was developed by Louis Robbins,1938
2. The Public Health Service's Program in Cancer Control;C Lewis;Public Health Reports,1961
3. Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York, Periodic Screening for Breast Cancer: The Health Insurance Plan Project and Its Sequelae;Sam Shapiro;Johns Hopkins Series in Contemporary Medicine and Public Health,1963
4. Evaluation of Periodic Breast Cancer Screening With Mammography: Methodology and Early Observations;Sam Shapiro;JAMA,1966