1. XII (Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments, applicable only to developed countries), Art. XVIII (infant industry protection and balance of payments crises; applicable to developing countries only), Art. XIX (Emergency Actions on Imports of Particular Products, also known as the "safeguards clause"), Art. XX (General Exceptions), Art. XXI (Security Exceptions), and Art. XXVIII (Modification of Schedules, also known as tariff renegotiation). Common to these de jure flexibility mechanisms is a rather high level of conditionality (enactment preconditions and scope of application),8 as well as relatively modest indemnity payments to the affected victim countries;Schropp;The WTO provides for several formal, de jure, trade policy flexibility mechanisms. Examples in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are Art
2. The Case Against Infant Industry Tarriff Protection;R E Baldwin;Journal of Political Economy,1969
3. After Seattle: Free Trade and the WTO;J Bhagwati;International Affairs,2001
4. Protectionism;J Bhagwati;The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics,2008