1. Combining the special characteristics of the shield tunneling parameters, wavelet transformation was introduced for the noise reduction processing of data. The data normalization method was explored, and the max-min, Z-score, and deflation methods were compared and analyzed. The prediction results demonstrated that the Z-score method standardized processing exhibited the best prediction effect. (3) Assigning values to construction risk levels and establishing a prediction model of shield tunneling parameters under complex risk factors, the overall average absolute error of the model was 6.2%, the overall average absolute error of the total thrust prediction was 8.3%, the overall average absolute error of the cutterhead speed prediction was 1.8%, and the overall average absolute error of the tunneling speed prediction was 8.5%, confirming that the model was highly adaptable under complex risk factors. Moreover, the model exhibited high adaptability to complex risk factors;CRediT authorship contribution statement Zhou Cuihong: Supervision, Methondology, Writing -review & editing
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