1. Much of the early literature on retrospective voting focused on economic performance: Tufte (1975) and Hibbing and Alford (1981) found that electoral support for the incumbent party is best predicted by change in real per capita income (see Kiewiet and Rivers (1984) for a review);Francis;The canonical accounts of retrospective voting are Key (1966) and Fiorina,1981
2. It may be sir, that the politicians of the United States are not so fastidious as some gentlemen are, as to disclosing the principles on which they act. They boldly practice what they preach. When they are contending for victory, they avow their intention of enjoying the fruits of it. If they are defeated, they expect to retire from office;The full quotation from Senator Marcy is as follows
3. While the early literature proposed that reciprocity among legislators would lead to a pattern of 'universalism,' subsequent work has proposed that this is difficult to sustain, and universalism within the party is more common;Weingast;This builds on the literature on distributive politics and reciprocity (Shepsle and Weingast,1981