The Effect of Habitual Water Pipe and Cigarette Smoking on Clinical Gingival Status in Non-Periodontitis Sample

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effect of the water pipe and cigarette smoking on clinical gingival parameters of non-periodontitis individuals.Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 176 men and 49 women aged 17–41, and they were divided into three groups (each with 75 participants): control, cigarette, and water pipe. Furthermore, a case sheet and a questionnaire were prepared to obtain the individual's demographic profile and details regarding cigarette smoking and habitual water pipe-taking data. The following gingival parameters: sulcular depth SD, bleeding index BI, plaque index PI, gingival phenotype Gph, recession R and gingival pigmentation, were recorded and assessed for the three study groups. The obtained data were analyzed statistically using SPSS for Windows version 27.0, with P≤0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: Smokers had a higher prevalence of mild brown gingival pigmentation, tooth discoloration, and thick gingival biotype compared to non-smokers (P<0.05). Also, there was a statistically significant link between the type of record and the above indicators (SD, BI, and PI).Conclusions: Water pipe and cigarette smoking negatively influence gingival health measures in non-periodontitis individuals.