Embryonic bauplans and the developmental origins of facial diversity and constraint

Author:

Young Nathan M.1,Hu Diane1,Lainoff Alexis J.1,Smith Francis J.12,Diaz Raul34,Tucker Abigail S.5,Trainor Paul A.34,Schneider Richard A.1,Hallgrímsson Benedikt2,Marcucio Ralph S.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.

2. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.

3. Stowers Institute of Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.

4. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.

5. Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.

Abstract

A central issue in biology concerns the presence, timing and nature of phylotypic periods of development, but whether, when and why species exhibit conserved morphologies remains unresolved. Here, we construct a developmental morphospace to show that amniote faces share a period of reduced shape variance and convergent growth trajectories from prominence formation through fusion, after which phenotypic diversity sharply increases. We predict in silico the phenotypic outcomes of unoccupied morphospaces and experimentally validate in vivo that observed convergence is not due to developmental limits on variation but instead from selection against novel trajectories that result in maladaptive facial clefts. These results illustrate how epigenetic factors such as organismal geometry and shape impact facial morphogenesis and alter the locus of adaptive selection to variation in later developmental events.

Publisher

The Company of Biologists

Subject

Developmental Biology,Molecular Biology

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