Glycerol and NEFA kinetics in long-term fasting king penguins: phase IIversusphase III

Abstract

SUMMARYIn spontaneously fasting birds such as penguins, below a body mass threshold corresponding to the phase II—phase III transition, a metabolic and hormonal shift occurs and feeding behaviour is stimulated(`refeeding signal'). The major aim of this study was to determine whether a decrease in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release from adipose tissue could be a component of this signal. Lipolytic fluxes and primary triacylglycerol:fatty acid (TAG:FA) cycling were determined in vivoin breeding, fasting king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) using continuous infusions of 2-[3H]glycerol and 1-[14C]palmitate under field conditions. In phase II (after approximately 8 days of fasting, large fat stores, body protein spared, N=8), the rate of appearance (Ra) of glycerol and of NEFA were 5.7±0.8 and 10.5±0.4 μmol kg-1min-1, respectively, and the percentage of primary TAG:FA cycling was 41±7%. In phase III (after approximately 25 days of fasting, fat stores reduced by fourfold, increased body protein catabolism, N=9), Ra glycerol kg-1 body mass remained unchanged,whereas Ra glycerol kg-1 fat mass and Ra NEFA kg-1 body mass were increased by 2.8-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. Increased Ra glycerol kg-1 fat mass was possibly the result of a 3.5-fold increase in circulating glucagon, the increased Ra NEFA kg-1 body mass being attributable to decreased primary TAG:FA cycling. Thus, triggering of the refeeding signal that redirects the behavior of fasting, incubating penguins from incubation towards the search for food after entrance into phase III cannot be ascribed to a reduction in lipolytic fluxes and NEFA availability.