Abstract
This chapter moves the discussion of bilingualism to the societal and institutional level. The discussion focuses on how individual bilinguals interact in societies and institutions. In the societal context, the author provides some examples of nations, communities, ethnic or religious groups, and regions practicing bilingualism. In the institutional context, the focus of discussion is on exemplifying how bilingual schools or programs may be structured and their teaching approaches, such as co-languaging in multilingual classrooms, and assessment may be practiced. Finally, the author calls for investigations on the less explored area of the pragmatic aspect of bilingual interactions.
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