Conclusion

Abstract

In the natural sciences, accurate testing of hypotheses using observed, collected, and comparable data can lead to new theories or guidelines for action. However, in social sciences, such as public agencies, recognizing patterns, forming categories, measuring, and comparing phenomena vis-a-vis the human will, make it difficult to reach similar levels of accuracy. Social science theory involves editing and studying factual material, where evidence is largely presented with definitions, concepts, and metaphors. The meaning of theories in social science is normative, explaining what should be, in addition to the actual sein or what is. However, the description of past events and inference on conclusions, causes, or events may be subject to cognitive biases such as confirmation bias or post hoc ergo propter hoc. Comparisons of past events and their placement on common denominators may not be a true description of the current state of affairs, as reasons, contingencies, and intentions behind similar occurrences may differ.