Factors Predicting Mental Effort Associated With Verbal Fluency: Cue Types, Switching, and Fear of Negative Evaluation

Author:

Lam Boji P. W.1ORCID,Marquardt Thomas P.2

Affiliation:

1. Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of North Texas, Denton

2. Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin

Abstract

Purpose: Verbal fluency, a task frequently employed in neuropsychological assessment, provides important word productivity data but little information about subjective effort associated with demand monitoring and resource allocation. In two experiments, this study investigated the effects of task variables (semantic vs. phonemic cues; alternating vs. nonalternating conditions) and personal factors (fear of negative evaluation and trait anxiety) on subjective effort for a wide variety of verbal fluency tasks in neurotypical individuals. Method: Twenty-one adults completed eight verbal fluency tasks in Experiment 1. The tasks were selected to examine effort reported for verbal fluency that differed in (a) cue types and (b) the disruptions of clustering strategies. In Experiment 2, a separate group of 50 adults completed two verbal fluency tasks twice in separate sessions. Participants also completed social–emotional measures including fear of negative evaluation and trait anxiety. Working memory was assessed as a control variable. Results: Experiment 1 showed greater effort for completing semantic than phonemic cue tasks and greater effort for alternating than nonalternating conditions. Alternating semantic verbal fluency yielded the greatest effort among all tasks. Differences in effort could not be accounted for by performance alone. Experiment 2 showed that greater fear toward negative evaluation was associated with greater effort. The relationship between fear and effort was not related to trait anxiety or moderated by performance levels or repeated testing. Conclusions: Knowledge about factors that impact subjective effort in neurotypical individuals is fundamental to accurate interpretation of effort reported by clinical populations. This study demonstrated the multifaceted nature of subjective effort that could not be accounted for by performance alone. In addition to task variables, effort assessment needs to consider the impact of social–emotional factors such as fear toward negative evaluation.

Publisher

American Speech Language Hearing Association

Subject

Speech and Hearing,Linguistics and Language,Language and Linguistics

Cited by 1 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: new and emerging therapies;Current Opinion in Ophthalmology;2022-08-24

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