Characterizing Swallowing Impairment in a Post–Lung Transplant Population

Abstract

Background: Lung transplant recipients carry significant pre– and post–lung transplant dysphagia risk factors related to altered respiratory–swallow coordination as well as acute injury and decompensation resulting in the acute post–lung transplant recovery period. However, we are only beginning to understand the potential physiological contributors to altered swallowing in this population. Method: A retrospective, cross-sectional, cohort study of post–lung transplant patients was performed. All participants received a modified barium swallow study (MBSS) as part of standard care during their acute hospitalization using the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP) protocol and scoring metric. A combination of MBSImP scores, Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores, Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) scores, International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) scale levels, and the time from lung transplant to MBSS was collected, as well as measures of swallowing impairment and swallowing-related outcomes. Differences in swallowing physiology and swallowing-related outcomes between participants with typical versus atypical PAS were explored. Results: Forty-two participants met our prespecified inclusion criteria. We identified atypical laryngeal penetration and/or aspiration in 52.4% of our post–lung transplant cohort. Silent aspiration occurred in 75% of those patients who aspirated. Comparing typical versus atypical PAS scores, we found statistically significant associations with laryngeal elevation (Component 8), p < .0001; anterior hyoid excursion (Component 9), p = .0046; epiglottic movement (Component 10), p = .0031; laryngeal vestibule closure (Component 11), p < .0001; pharyngeal stripping (Component 12), p = .0058; pharyngeal total scores, p = .0001; FOIS scores, p = .00264; and IDDSI liquid levels, p = .0009. Conclusions: Swallowing impairment resulting in abnormal bolus invasion is prevalent in post–lung transplant patients. Airway invasion in this cohort was related to pharyngeal swallow impairment and resulted in modified oral intake. Our findings help expand upon prior literature, which only reported the incidence of aspiration and pathological laryngeal penetration. Our results suggest that the potential for aerodigestive system impairment and negative sequela should not be underestimated in the post–lung transplant population.