1. 1 By the "American Southwest," I mean specifically the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. It was in these states that testing was used most extensively as a means to segregate Mexican Americans racially in the public school systems. The studies analyzed here were conducted mostly in these states. The scholars who were involved in this endeavor came from these states and also from institutions of higher education in Colorado and Oregon.
2. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 1, pages 39- 62. ISSN 0030-8684 c2003 by the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
3. 2 Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr. "Let All of them Take Heed": Mexican Americans and the Campaign for Educational Equality in Texas (Austin, Tex., 1987), chapter two;
4. Status of the Historiography of Chicano Education: A Preliminary Analysis
5. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Philadelphia, 1990);