1. In the Greek New Testament, ειδωλολατρεια; translated in the Vulgate Bible as idolatria (and thus applied to critiques of image worship in the Old Testament). Michael Camille, The Gothic Idol (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Thomas B. F. Cummins, “The Golden Calf in America,” in The Idol in the Age of Art, ed. Michael W. Cole and Rebecca E. Zorach (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009), 77–104; David Tavárez, The Invisible War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 13. See also Jean-Pierre Vernant, Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 151–92; Alfred Gell, Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998); William B. Taylor, Theater of a Thousand Wonders (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 129.
2. Byron Ellsworth Hamann, “Chronological Pollution,” Current Anthropology 49, no. 5 (2008): 817, 822–23; Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); Michael W. Cole, “Perpetual Exorcism in Sistine Rome,” in The Idol in the Age of Art, 57–75; Bernardo Pérez de Chinchón, Antialcorano (Valencia, Spain: n.p., 1532), 164r; Martín Pérez de Ayala, Catechismo para instrvccion de los nvevamente convertidos de moros (Valencia, Spain: Pedro Patricio Mey, 1599), 351; Borja Franco Llopis, “Identidades reales, identidades creadas, identidades superpuestas,” in Identidades cuestionados, ed. Borja Franco Llopis, Bruno Pomara Saverino, Manuel Lomas Cortés, and Bárbara Ruiz Bejarano (Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València, 2016), 293–95; Serge Gruzinski, The Mestizo Mind (New York: Routledge, 2002), 48; Cummins, “The Golden Calf in America,” 77–104.
3. My specific focus will be on sources created during the first two generations of European presence in New Spain, from 1519 to 1565.
4. See also Richard Davis, Lives of Indian Images (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
5. Miguel León-Portilla, "Testimonios nahuas sobre la conquista espiritual," Estudios de cultura náhuatl 21 (1974): 11-36