Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere

Author:

Shupe Matthew D.12ORCID,Rex Markus3ORCID,Blomquist Byron12ORCID,Persson P. Ola G.12ORCID,Schmale Julia4ORCID,Uttal Taneil2ORCID,Althausen Dietrich5,Angot Hélène46ORCID,Archer Stephen7ORCID,Bariteau Ludovic12ORCID,Beck Ivo4,Bilberry John8,Bucci Silvia9ORCID,Buck Clifton10ORCID,Boyer Matt11,Brasseur Zoé11ORCID,Brooks Ian M.12ORCID,Calmer Radiance113,Cassano John11314ORCID,Castro Vagner15,Chu David8,Costa David12,Cox Christopher J.2ORCID,Creamean Jessie16ORCID,Crewell Susanne17ORCID,Dahlke Sandro3ORCID,Damm Ellen18,de Boer Gijs1219ORCID,Deckelmann Holger3,Dethloff Klaus3,Dütsch Marina9,Ebell Kerstin17ORCID,Ehrlich André20ORCID,Ellis Jody21,Engelmann Ronny5ORCID,Fong Allison A.18ORCID,Frey Markus M.22ORCID,Gallagher Michael R.12ORCID,Ganzeveld Laurens23,Gradinger Rolf24,Graeser Jürgen3,Greenamyer Vernon21,Griesche Hannes5ORCID,Griffiths Steele25,Hamilton Jonathan12ORCID,Heinemann Günther26ORCID,Helmig Detlev27,Herber Andreas18ORCID,Heuzé Céline28ORCID,Hofer Julian5ORCID,Houchens Todd29,Howard Dean126ORCID,Inoue Jun3031,Jacobi Hans-Werner32ORCID,Jaiser Ralf3ORCID,Jokinen Tuija11ORCID,Jourdan Olivier33ORCID,Jozef Gina11314ORCID,King Wessley21,Kirchgaessner Amelie22ORCID,Klingebiel Marcus20ORCID,Krassovski Misha34ORCID,Krumpen Thomas18ORCID,Lampert Astrid35ORCID,Landing William36ORCID,Laurila Tiia11,Lawrence Dale3738,Lonardi Michael20ORCID,Loose Brice39,Lüpkes Christof18,Maahn Maximilian20ORCID,Macke Andreas5,Maslowski Wieslaw40ORCID,Marsay Christopher10ORCID,Maturilli Marion3ORCID,Mech Mario17ORCID,Morris Sara2,Moser Manuel4142ORCID,Nicolaus Marcel18ORCID,Ortega Paul8,Osborn Jackson2,Pätzold Falk35ORCID,Perovich Donald K.43,Petäjä Tuukka11,Pilz Christian5ORCID,Pirazzini Roberta44ORCID,Posman Kevin7,Powers Heath8,Pratt Kerri A.45ORCID,Preußer Andreas26ORCID,Quéléver Lauriane11ORCID,Radenz Martin5ORCID,Rabe Benjamin18ORCID,Rinke Annette3ORCID,Sachs Torsten3546ORCID,Schulz Alexander3ORCID,Siebert Holger5ORCID,Silva Tercio47,Solomon Amy12,Sommerfeld Anja3ORCID,Spreen Gunnar48ORCID,Stephens Mark49,Stohl Andreas9ORCID,Svensson Gunilla50ORCID,Uin Janek51,Viegas Juarez8,Voigt Christiane4142ORCID,von der Gathen Peter3ORCID,Wehner Birgit5ORCID,Welker Jeffrey M.5253,Wendisch Manfred20ORCID,Werner Martin18ORCID,Xie ZhouQing54,Yue Fange54

Affiliation:

1. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA

3. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany

4. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

5. Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany

6. Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

7. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA

8. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

9. Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

10. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, USA

11. Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

12. University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

13. National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

14. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

15. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA

16. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA

17. University of Cologne, Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, Cologne, Germany

18. Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany

19. Integrated Remote and In Situ Sensing, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

20. University of Leipzig, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig, Germany

21. Hamelmann Communications, Pagosa Springs, CO, USA

22. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK

23. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands

24. UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, Norway

25. Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia

26. Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany

27. Boulder A.I.R, LLC, Boulder, CO, USA

28. Departement of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

29. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

30. National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan

31. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan

32. Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research, CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes/IRD/G-INP, Grenoble, France

33. Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, LaMP/CNRS/UCA, Clermont-Ferrand, France

34. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

35. Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

36. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

37. Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

38. Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

39. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

40. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA

41. Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

42. Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany

43. Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA

44. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

45. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

46. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

47. Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgado, Portugal

48. University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany

49. Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

50. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

51. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA

52. University of Alaska—Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

53. University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

54. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore cross-cutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system scientific research and provide an important foundation for advancing multiscale modeling capabilities in the Arctic.

Publisher

University of California Press

Subject

Atmospheric Science,Geology,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology,Ecology,Environmental Engineering,Oceanography

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