Material energy balance at articular cartilage: Bio-tribology

Abstract

Abstract The synergy of heterogeneous macromolecules at the cartilage-cartilage tribological interface prevents friction under quasi-static mechanical loading. Viscoelastic rheology of soft biological membrane materials, hydration lubrication, and biomechanical diffusion integrate boundary lubrication at the superficial zone. Synchronization of mechanical efficiency is viable in alignment with mechanical work, energy expenditure, and reducing oxidative stress of environmental load in urban areas. Carbon nanoparticle’s evolution from anthropogenic activities inversely influence the quality of fuel oxidation. Anisotropic fibrous honeycomb structure panel is included for trapping random environmental carbon nanoparticles/particulate matter for favourable environmental indicators.