Microstructure characterisation and microhardness of P92 steel heat treated at the transformation temperatures

Abstract

Abstract Modern power plant components for the transport of superheated steam are manufactured from creep resistant steels, such as ASTM grade P92, that have microstructural stability and excellent mechanical properties at high temperature and pressure. Before application as pipes, tubes and connectors, P92 steel undergoes a heat treatment of austenitisation and tempering to achieve a tempered martensite microstructure, with carbides along the prior austenite grain boundaries and carbonitrides within the matrix. In the power plant, pipes and tubes are joined by welding, inducing residual stresses and inhomogeneous microstructures in the weld joint, which reduce creep resistance. As in most steels, the temperature gradient from the fusion line to the base metal leads to different microstructural zones in the weld joint. The fine-grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ), which forms at temperatures near the transformation region, acts as a weak zone for Type IV cracking during creep. The lower and upper critical transformation temperatures for the P92 steel in this work are 800°C-850°C (Ae1) and 900°C-950°C (Ae3) respectively. As-received samples were heated to temperatures of 830, 850, 900°C to simulate the fine grain heat affected zone, or the very high temperature of 1200°C to simulate the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ), held at that temperature for 90 minutes and then tempered at 730°C to 780°C for 120 minutes. The microstructures before and after heat treatment were observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and Vickers microhardness measurements were done. After tempering, coarse carbides were seen on the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs) and nitrides were observed in the matrix. In general, the hardness increased with an increase in the austenitisation and tempering temperature combination.