Any four orthogonal ququad–ququad maximally entangled states are locally markable

Abstract

Abstract In quantum state discrimination, the observers are given a quantum system and aim to verify its state from the two or more possible target states. In the local quantum state marking as an extension of quantum state discrimination, there are N composite quantum systems and N possible orthogonal target quantum states. Distant Alice and Bob are asked to correctly mark the states of the given quantum systems via local operations and classical communication. Here we investigate the local state marking with N 4 ⊗ 4 systems, N = 4, 5, 6, and 7. Therein, Alice and Bob allow for three local operations: measuring the local observable either σ z or σ x simultaneously, and entanglement swapping. It shows that, given arbitrary four 4 ⊗ 4 systems, Alice and Bob can perform the perfect local quantum state marking. In the N = 5, 6 cases, they can perform perfect local state marking with specific target states. We conjecture the impossibility of the local quantum state marking given any seven target states since Alice and Bob cannot fulfill the task in the simplest case.