Littoraria spp. Snail (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as a Bioindicator in The Mangrove Ecosystem

Abstract

Abstract Coastal environmental damage often occurs in various regions, especially around the mangrove forest area. Generally caused by anthropogenic which is increasingly high and causes mangrove habitat to change and gives great pressure on the biological community that inhabits it. One of the main objectives of bioindicators is to identify species or groups of species that can indicate environmental disturbances, so this study aims to determine or assess how suitable species or groups of Littoraria species as bioindicators in monitoring programs in coastal environments, especially mangrove ecosystems. The results of the study concluded that Littoraria spp. can be used as a species or group of bioindicator species. This is because they have fulfilled the requirements that must be fulfilled by an organism to be used in the biomonitoring program. However, the criteria for Littoraria’s spp. relationship with other species is still unclear, so they must be used with caution.