The distribution of paraquat and carbosulfan residues in Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract The paraquat (Par) and carbosulfan (Carb) residue are thought to have contaminated soil, water, and plant in eight provinces of Indonesia as study sites i.e. Riau, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, and South Kalimantan. The objective of this study was to get information related the use and effects of Par and Carb. The soil samples were collected with a stainless-steel spoon. Water samples were taken using a grab sampler. Harvest panicles manually, only from upright and unlodged plants (rice). Analysis of samples were used HPLC, while for Carb residue analysis was used GC. The limit of detection of Par residue in soil were at the range of 0.0479 to 0.0597 µg g−1. Par and Carb residues are not found in water and plants (below the detection limit). The total Par and Carb residue in soil were in the range of 0.1525 to 14.4366 mg kg−1 and 0.0582 to 0.3072 mg kg−1, respectively or below the tolerance limit. Par residue distributed to all study locations, while Carb residue found in Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan Islands. The results of this study indicate that Par and Carb residues in water, soil and plants are still safe.