Hydrothermal liquefaction of animal by product waste using zeolite catalyst: A Mini-review

Abstract

Abstract In view of the worldwide challenges posed by rising pollution and fossil fuel usage, it is imperative that we adopt a new energy strategy that makes use of all available refuse and vegetation to generate electricity. This is the safest and most effective way to address this worldwide issue. The process of hydrothermal liquefaction converting dry and moist material, such as (agricultural and animal waste, algae, and foodstock waste) into bio-crude in the presence of high temps and pressure in a watery medium is a potential technology in the area of renewable energy. When producing bio-crude, it is better to use solvents and catalysts to improve biomass liquefaction and boost output. As such, this review provided a brief overview of the research into the mechanism of HTL processes and biomass represented by animal by-products, their transformation, and the production of bio-crude; the effect and effectiveness of zeolite used as a catalyst in the hydrothermal liquefaction process; the energy efficiency of the process; and the effect of parameters such as heat, pressure, and process residence time; all with the goal of developing better pathways.