Polygenic sex determination produces modular sex polymorphism in an African cichlid fish

Author:

Moore Emily C.12ORCID,Ciccotto Patrick J.3,Peterson Erin N.14,Lamm Melissa S.14ORCID,Albertson R. Craig5ORCID,Roberts Reade B.14ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695

2. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812

3. Department of Biology, Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC 28778

4. Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695

5. Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003

Abstract

Significance Sex differences in traits can occur when those traits are modified by genetic factors inherited on sex chromosomes. We investigated how sex differences emerge in a species with more than one set of sex chromosomes, measuring a variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. Rather than exhibiting sexual dimorphism associated with primary sex, the species has higher-order sexual polymorphism in secondary sexual characteristics or more than two phenotypic sexes. Variation in secondary sexual characteristics is modular, involving the interplay of sex-linked and sex-limited traits. Our findings provide implications for how sex determination systems and whole-organism fitness traits coevolve, including that significant creation or loss of variation in diverse traits can occur during transitions among sex chromosome systems.

Funder

National Science Foundation

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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