Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals

Author:

Ross Cody T.12ORCID,Hooper Paul L.13,Smith Jennifer E.4ORCID,Jaeggi Adrian V.5ORCID,Smith Eric Alden6ORCID,Gavrilets Sergey7ORCID,Zohora Fatema tuz8,Ziker John9ORCID,Xygalatas Dimitris10ORCID,Wroblewski Emily E.11,Wood Brian212ORCID,Winterhalder Bruce13ORCID,Willführ Kai P.14,Willard Aiyana K.15,Walker Kara16,von Rueden Christopher17ORCID,Voland Eckart18ORCID,Valeggia Claudia19,Vaitla Bapu20,Urlacher Samuel2122ORCID,Towner Mary23,Sum Chun-Yi24ORCID,Sugiyama Lawrence S.25ORCID,Strier Karen B.26ORCID,Starkweather Kathrine27ORCID,Major-Smith Daniel28,Shenk Mary29ORCID,Sear Rebecca30ORCID,Seabright Edmond3ORCID,Schacht Ryan31ORCID,Scelza Brooke12,Scaggs Shane32ORCID,Salerno Jonathan33ORCID,Revilla-Minaya Caissa2,Redhead Daniel2,Pusey Anne34ORCID,Purzycki Benjamin Grant235ORCID,Power Eleanor A.136ORCID,Pisor Anne237,Pettay Jenni38ORCID,Perry Susan12ORCID,Page Abigail E.30ORCID,Pacheco-Cobos Luis39ORCID,Oths Kathryn40ORCID,Oh Seung-Yun41,Nolin David42,Nettle Daniel43,Moya Cristina13ORCID,Migliano Andrea Bamberg5,Mertens Karl J.9ORCID,McNamara Rita A.44ORCID,McElreath Richard2,Mattison Siobhan3ORCID,Massengill Eric3,Marlowe Frank45,Madimenos Felicia46ORCID,Macfarlan Shane47ORCID,Lummaa Virpi38,Lizarralde Roberto48,Liu Ruizhe3,Liebert Melissa A.49ORCID,Lew-Levy Sheina250,Leslie Paul51ORCID,Lanning Joseph52,Kramer Karen47,Koster Jeremy253,Kaplan Hillard S.54ORCID,Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan55,Hurtado A. Magdalena56ORCID,Hill Kim56ORCID,Hewlett Barry37,Helle Samuli38,Headland Thomas57,Headland Janet57,Gurven Michael58ORCID,Grimalda Gianluca59ORCID,Greaves Russell47,Golden Christopher D.20ORCID,Godoy Irene60ORCID,Gibson Mhairi28ORCID,Mouden Claire El61,Dyble Mark62,Draper Patricia63,Downey Sean32ORCID,DeMarco Angelina L.47,Davis Helen Elizabeth64ORCID,Crabtree Stefani165ORCID,Cortez Carmen13,Colleran Heidi2ORCID,Cohen Emma61,Clark Gregory66ORCID,Clark Julia67,Caudell Mark A.37ORCID,Carminito Chelsea E.53,Bunce John2ORCID,Boyette Adam2,Bowles Samuel1ORCID,Blumenfield Tami368ORCID,Beheim Bret2,Beckerman Stephen29,Atkinson Quentin69ORCID,Apicella Coren70,Alam Nurul8ORCID,Mulder Monique Borgerhoff1213ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501

2. Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany

3. Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131

4. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54702

5. Institut für Anthropologie und Anthropologisches Museum, University of Zürich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland

6. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195

7. Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996

8. International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

9. Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725

10. Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269

11. Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305

12. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095

13. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

14. Institute for Social Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany

15. Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom

16. College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695

17. Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173

18. Institute for Philosophy, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen 35390, Germany

19. Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520

20. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115

21. Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706

22. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, CA M5G 1M1

23. Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078

24. College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215

25. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403

26. Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

27. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607

28. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, United Kingdom

29. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802

30. Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom

31. Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858

32. Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210

33. Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523

34. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708

35. Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark

36. Department of Methodology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom

37. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164

38. Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland

39. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 94294, Mexico

40. Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487

41. Korea Insurance Research Institute, Seoul 150-606, Korea

42. Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003

43. Département d’Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Paris 75230, France

44. School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand

45. Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom

46. Department of Anthropology, Queens College (CUNY), New York, NY 11367

47. Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112

48. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela

49. Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011

50. Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom

51. Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599

52. SIT Graduate Institute, Brattleboro, VT 05301

53. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221

54. Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866

55. National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 13373, Mongolia

56. School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287

57. SIL International, Dallas, TX 75236

58. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

59. Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel 24105, Germany

60. Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany

61. School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom

62. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

63. School of Global Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588

64. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138

65. Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322

66. Department of Economics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

67. Nomad Science, Darkhad 67011, Mongolia

68. School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Yunnan 650106, China

69. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

70. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104

Abstract

To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women’s fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species—including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.

Funder

NSF | BIO | Division of Biological Infrastructure

NSF | Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences

Santa Fe Institute

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference110 articles.

1. P. J. Richerson, R. Boyd, Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution (University of Chicago Press, 2008).

2. C. P. van Schaik J. M. Burkart “Cooperative breeding and the evolution of our unique features” in Mind the Gap P. M. Kappeler J. B. Silk Eds. (Springer 2010) pp. 477–496.

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4. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo

5. A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity

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