Technology for the production of sickles and knives of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals (by the results of metallographic analysis)

Author:

Degtyareva A.D.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch RAS

Abstract

The data of the metallographic study of sickles and knives (37 pcs) of the Petrovka Culture from the Southern Trans-Urals and the Middle Tobol River basin of the 19th–18th centuries BC are reported. The implements originate from settlements (Ustye 1, Kulevchi 3, Starokumlyak, Kamyshnoe 2, Ubagan 2, Nizhneingaly 3) and burial complexes (Ozernoe 1, Krivoye Ozero, Verkhnyaya Alabuga). The reconstruction of the manufacturing technology of the Petrovka Culture tools from the Southern Trans-Urals was carried out by both taking into account the results of the surface visual inspection, as well as by the data of the microstructural study of the metal. The metallographic analysis was conducted at the Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the RAS (microscope Axio Observer D1m from Zeiss; microhardness tester PMT-3M from LOMO). A certain correla-tion was revealed between the functional purpose of the product, type of the raw material, and the tool manufacturing flowchart. The sickles and knives with handles are produced primarily from pure copper (including oxidised) both in the process of casting in mould with subsequent finishing, as well as in the result of the forming forging. The tools obtained in the casting process often had casting defects, accompanied by the phenomenon of shrinking warpage of the metal. The finishing of the copper tools was taking place in most cases either in the regime of incomplete hot forging at 300–500 C, or hot forging at 600–800 C and at near-melting temperatures of 900–1000 C. Most of the sickles in the forging process were purposefully hardened by forging on the cold metal. Unlike the sickles and knives with handles, shank knives are made mainly of low-alloyed tin bronze. Apparently, this category of tools was given a special ritual significance, especially considering the fact that about a third of the tools came from burial complexes with a specific selection of the related implements. The use of tin bronze in the production of knives sig-nificantly contributed to the fabrication of high-quality castings with the smooth surface without metal warping defects. The fini-shing of the knives after casting was carried out with heating up to 600–800 C or 900–1000 C (44 % of the tools) or in the regime of incomplete hot forging (25 %). The forging on the cold metal with annealing was rarely used. Thus, at the basis of the choice of the technological traditions of the metal production lies the availability of a certain raw material base, the type of the metal obtained from this ore, as well as the inheritance of the technologies from the preceding cultural communities. Technological inno-vations in the processing of non-ferrous metal, associated with the supply of Sn-bronzes in the form of ingots or finished products from Central Kazakhstan to the Southern Trans-Urals, led to the significant increase in the quality of the produce.

Publisher

Tyumen Scientific Center of the SB RAS

Subject

Archeology,Anthropology,Archeology

Reference26 articles.

1. Bezprozvannyy, E.M., Degtyareva, A.D., Korochkova, O.N., Kuzminykh, S.V., Stefanov, V.I., Kosinskaya, L.L. (2011). Satyga XVI: Seima-Turbino burial ground in the taiga zone of Western Siberia. Yekaterinburg: Ural'skiy rabochiy. (Rus.).

2. Chernykh, E.N. (2007). Kargaly: Phenomenon and paradoxes of development. Kargaly in the system of met-allurgical provinces: The hidden (sacred) life of archaic miners and metallurgists. In: Kargaly. Vol. 5. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury. (Rus.).

3. Chernykh, E.N., Kuzminykh, S.V. (1989). Ancient metallurgy of Northern Eurasia (the Seima-Turbino phe-nomenon). Moscow: Nauka. (Rus.).

4. Degtyareva, A.D. (2010). History of metal production in the Southern Trans-Urals in the Bronze Age. No-vosibirsk: Nauka. (Rus.).

5. Degtyareva, A.D., Kuzminykh, S.V. (2023). The technology of manufacturing metal tools and weapons from collections at the burial grounds of Turbino 1 and Bor-Lenva. In: Zavyalov V.I. (Ed.). Both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age...: Collection of articles in honor of N.N. Terekhova. Moscow: Taus, 78–85. (Rus.).

同舟云学术

1.学者识别学者识别

2.学术分析学术分析

3.人才评估人才评估

"同舟云学术"是以全球学者为主线,采集、加工和组织学术论文而形成的新型学术文献查询和分析系统,可以对全球学者进行文献检索和人才价值评估。用户可以通过关注某些学科领域的顶尖人物而持续追踪该领域的学科进展和研究前沿。经过近期的数据扩容,当前同舟云学术共收录了国内外主流学术期刊6万余种,收集的期刊论文及会议论文总量共计约1.5亿篇,并以每天添加12000余篇中外论文的速度递增。我们也可以为用户提供个性化、定制化的学者数据。欢迎来电咨询!咨询电话:010-8811{复制后删除}0370

www.globalauthorid.com

TOP

Copyright © 2019-2024 北京同舟云网络信息技术有限公司
京公网安备11010802033243号  京ICP备18003416号-3