Indistinguishable asymptotic pairs and multidimensional Sturmian configurations

Abstract

Abstract Two asymptotic configurations on a full $\mathbb {Z}^d$ -shift are indistinguishable if, for every finite pattern, the associated sets of occurrences in each configuration coincide up to a finitely supported permutation of $\mathbb {Z}^d$ . We prove that indistinguishable asymptotic pairs satisfying a ‘flip condition’ are characterized by their pattern complexity on finite connected supports. Furthermore, we prove that uniformly recurrent indistinguishable asymptotic pairs satisfying the flip condition are described by codimension-one (dimension of the internal space) cut and project schemes, which symbolically correspond to multidimensional Sturmian configurations. Together, the two results provide a generalization to $\mathbb {Z}^d$ of the characterization of Sturmian sequences by their factor complexity $n+1$ . Many open questions are raised by the current work and are listed in the introduction.