Abstract
AbstractIntroduction:Sports venues foster community and support local economies. Due to their capacity to host hundreds to thousands of spectators, sports venues are vulnerable to becoming targets of terrorism. Types of venues targeted, regional trends, and methods of attack employed world-wide have not been well-described.Methods:A search of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was conducted from 1970 through the end of 2019. Pre-coded variables for target type “business” and target subtype “entertainment/cultural/stadium/casino” were used to identify attacks involving venues where sports events might be viewed by spectators as part of an audience. Sports venues were specifically identified using the search terms “sport,” “stadium,” ”arena,” and “ring,” as well as mention of any specific sport. Two authors then manually reviewed each entry for specific information to confirm appropriateness for inclusion, selecting preferentially for attacks against venues where watching a sports event was the primary focus for the majority of the attendees. Descriptive statistics were performed using R (3.6.1).Results:Seventy-four (74) terrorist attacks targeting sports venues were identified from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2019. Thirty-three (33) attacks, or 44.6% of attacks, involved soccer stadiums or soccer venues, while 33.8% of attacks (25 attacks) involved unspecified sports venues. A bombing or explosion was the most frequent method of attack employed, comprising 87.8% of attacks. The highest number of attacks occurred in the Middle East & North Africa. In total, 213 persons died and 699 more were wounded in attacks against sports venues.Conclusion:Although terrorist attacks against sports venues are uncommon, they carry the risk of mass casualties, especially when explosives are used. A greater understanding of the threat posed by terrorist attacks against sports venues can aid emergency preparedness planning and future medical responses.
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Subject
Emergency Nursing,Emergency Medicine
Reference12 articles.
1. Media Exposure and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in the Wake of the November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks: A Population-Based Study in France
2. Mass Gatherings
3. 12. Reuters. Indonesia to demolish soccer stadium where stampede killed over 130. https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/18/football/indonesia-stadium-disaster-demolished-intl-spt/index.html. Accessed January 3, 2023.
4. Terrorism in France
5. Traumatic asphyxia following stadium crowd surge: stadium factors affecting outcome;DeAngeles;WMJ Off Publ State Med Soc Wis.,1998
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献