Examining recurrent hurricane exposure and psychiatric morbidity in Medicaid-insured pregnant populations

Abstract

The wide-ranging mental health consequences of a major hurricane have been widely documented, but important gaps remain in understanding the mental health burden of recurrent exposure to multiple hurricanes. The objective of this study was to examine the mental health burden in at-risk pregnant populations recurrently exposed to major hurricanes Matthew (2016), Florence (2018), Michael (2018), and Dorian (2019). Daily emergency department (ED) admissions were obtained on pregnant Medicaid beneficiaries for incident maternal disorders of pregnancy (MDP), perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMAD), severe mental illness (SMI), and substance use (SUD). County-level hurricane exposure was derived from a novel meteorologic-based Hurricane Insurance Protection- Wind Index (HIP-WI) metric. A difference-in-difference analysis assessed county-level changes in ED-related visits for psychiatric morbidity in pregnant populations following single hurricane events and a marginal Generalized Estimating Equation model assessed the cumulative impact of recurrent county-level hurricane exposure. A total of 258,157 (59.0%) pregnant cases were exposed to no storms, 113,157 (25.8%) were exposed to one storm, and 66,407 (15.2%) were exposed to two or more storms. Results showed higher risks for MDP after Matthew (RR: 1.83, 95%CI: 1.53, 2.18) and after Florence (RR: 1.09, 95%CI: 0.99, 1.19); higher risk of SMI (RR: 1.46, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.91) and PMAD (RR: 1.52, 95%CI: 1.32, 1.74) after Matthew. Compared to no storm exposure, exposure to two or more storms was associated with a higher risk of MDP (RR: 1.58, 95% CI [1.47,1.63]); PMAD (RR: 1.51, 95% CI [1.44, 1.59]); and SMI (RR: 1.34, 95% CI [1.23, 1.47]). Access to maternity care services, urbanity, and economic and residential segregation were important effect modifiers. Our population-based ecological study demonstrated that cumulative hurricane exposure confers an increased risk for psychological morbidity in pregnant Medicaid beneficiaries, particularly for mood and anxiety disorders, incident mental disorders, and severe mental illness for a Southern state outside of the U.S. Gulf Coast.