Feature selection to classify lameness using a smartphone-based inertial measurement unit

Abstract

Background and objectives Gait can be severely affected by pain, muscle weakness, and aging resulting in lameness. Despite the high incidence of lameness, there are no studies on the features that are useful for classifying lameness patterns. Therefore, we aimed to identify features of high importance for classifying population differences in lameness patterns using an inertial measurement unit mounted above the sacral region. Methods Features computed exhaustively for multidimensional time series consisting of three-axis angular velocities and three-axis acceleration were carefully selected using the Benjamini–Yekutieli procedure, and multiclass classification was performed using LightGBM (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). We calculated the relative importance of the features that contributed to the classification task in machine learning. Results The most important feature was found to be the absolute value of the Fourier coefficients of the second frequency calculated by the one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform for real input. This was determined by the fast Fourier transformation algorithm using data of a single gait cycle of the yaw angular velocity of the pelvic region. Conclusions Using an inertial measurement unit worn over the sacral region, we determined a set of features of high importance for classifying differences in lameness patterns based on different factors. This completely new set of indicators can be used to advance the understanding of lameness.