Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism

Author:

Scorza Breanna M.ORCID,Mahachi Kurayi G.ORCID,Cox Arin C.ORCID,Toepp Angela J.ORCID,Leal-Lima AdamORCID,Kumar Kushwaha AnuragORCID,Kelly PatrickORCID,Meneses Claudio,Wilson GenevaORCID,Gibson-Corley Katherine N.ORCID,Bartholomay Lyric,Kamhawi ShadenORCID,Petersen Christine A.ORCID

Abstract

Background Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown. Methodology/Principal findings We examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infected dogs were infectious to sand flies at differing rates. Dogs with mild to moderate disease showed significantly higher transmission to the vector than dogs with subclinical or severe disease. We documented a substantial parasite burden in the skin of vertically infected dogs by RT-qPCR, despite these dogs not having received intradermal parasites via sand flies. There was a highly significant correlation between skin parasite burden at the feeding site and sand fly parasite uptake. This suggests dogs with high skin parasite burden contribute the most to the infected sand fly pool. Although skin parasite load and parasitemia correlated with one another, the average parasite number detected in skin was significantly higher compared to blood in matched subjects. Thus, dermal resident parasites were infectious to sand flies from dogs without detectable parasitemia. Conclusions/Significance Together, our data implicate skin parasite burden and earlier clinical status as stronger indicators of outward transmission potential than blood parasite burden. Our studies of a population of dogs without vector transmission highlights the need to consider canine vertical transmission in surveillance and prevention strategies.

Funder

Fogarty International Center

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Publisher

Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Subject

Infectious Diseases,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Reference41 articles.

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