1. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
2. Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
3. Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
4. WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
5. National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
6. National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom
7. The authors contributed equally to this work