COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Among US Adults With Vision or Hearing Disabilities

Abstract

ImportanceDespite persistent care delivery inequities, limited studies have assessed COVID-19 vaccination rates among adults with vision or hearing disabilities.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of and factors in COVID-19 vaccination among US adults with vision or hearing disabilities.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study assessed data from adults who participated in the US Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey from April 2021 through March 2022. The survey assessed COVID-19 vaccine initiation, vaccine series completion, and determinants of health care access, including demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and social determinants of health.ExposuresVision disability (serious difficulty seeing even with eyeglasses or blindness) and hearing disability (serious difficulty hearing even with a hearing aid or deafness).Main Outcomes and MeasuresFirst dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Adjusted estimated probabilities and 95% CIs of COVID-19 vaccine initiation were calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for survey week, demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and social determinants of health.ResultsIn this study of 916 085 US adults (weighted population, 192 719 992; mean [SD] age, 54.0 [15.9] years; 52.0% women), most participants had initiated the COVID-19 vaccine series (82.7%). Adults with serious difficulty seeing (mean difference, −6.3%; 95% CI, −7.5% to −5.1%; P < .001) and blindness (mean difference, −20.1%; 95% CI, −25.1% to −15.0%; P < .001) had lower vaccination rates compared with adults with little to no vision impairment. Adults with serious difficulty hearing (mean difference, −2.1%; 95% CI, −3.5% to −0.7%; P = .003) and deafness (mean difference, −17.7%; 95% CI, −21.8% to −13.6%; P < .001) were less likely to initiate the COVID-19 vaccine compared with adults with little to no hearing impairment. Controlling for other factors, adults with blindness (mean difference, −6.3%; 95% CI, −11.1% to −1.5%; P = .009) were less likely to initiate the COVID-19 vaccine compared with adults with little to no vision impairment. Controlling for other factors, adults with deafness (mean difference, −5.5%; 95% CI, −9.2% to −1.9%; P = .003) were less likely to initiate the COVID-19 vaccine compared with adults with little to no hearing impairment.Conclusion and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that COVID-19 vaccine initiation is lower among adults with vision or hearing disabilities compared with adults without disabilities; this information may inform initiatives to promote equitable and accessible vaccination. Additional research may be needed to monitor COVID-19 vaccination disparities among adults with vision or hearing disabilities and to address disparities.