Characterizing Long COVID in Children and Adolescents
Author:
Gross Rachel S.1, Thaweethai Tanayott23, Kleinman Lawrence C.45, Snowden Jessica N.6, Rosenzweig Erika B.7, Milner Joshua D.8, Tantisira Kelan G.9, Rhee Kyung E.10, Jernigan Terry L.11, Kinser Patricia A.12, Salisbury Amy L.12, Warburton David13, Mohandas Sindhu14, Wood John C.15, Newburger Jane W.1617, Truong Dongngan T.18, Flaherman Valerie J.19, Metz Torri D.20, Karlson Elizabeth W.2122, Chibnik Lori B.2324, Pant Deepti B.2, Krishnamoorthy Aparna2, Gallagher Richard25, Lamendola-Essel Michelle F.26, Hasson Denise C.27, Katz Stuart D.28, Yin Shonna129, Dreyer Benard P.30, Carmilani Megan3132, Coombs K.3133, Fitzgerald Megan L.3134, Güthe Nick31, Hornig Mady3135, Letts Rebecca J.31, Peddie Aimee K.31, Taylor Brittany D.3136, Foulkes Andrea S.37, Stockwell Melissa S.3839, , , Balaraman Venkataraman40, Bogie Amanda40, Bukulmez Hulya40, Dozor Allen J.40, Eckrich Daniel40, Elliott Amy J.40, Evans Danielle N.40, Farkas Jonathan S.40, Faustino E. Vincent S.40, Fischer Laura40, Gaur Sunanda40, Harahsheh Ashraf S.40, Hasan Uzma N.40, Hsia Daniel S.40, Huerta-Montanez Gredia40, Hummel Kathy D.40, Kadish Matt P.40, Kaelber David C.40, Krishnan Sankaran40, Kosut Jessica S.40, Larrabee Jerry40, Lim Peter Paul C.40, Michelow Ian C.40, Oliveira Carlos R.40, Raissy Hengameh40, Rosario-Pabon Zaira40, Ross Judith L.40, Sato Alice I.40, Stevenson Michelle D.40, Talavera-Barber Maria M.40, Teufel Ronald J.40, Weakley Kathryn E.40, Zimmerman Emily40, Bind Marie-Abele C.40, Chan James40, Guan Zoe40, Morse Richard E.40, Reeder Harrison T.40, Akshoomoff Natascha40, Aschner Judy L.40, Bhattacharjee Rakesh40, Cottrell Lesley A.40, Cowan Kelly40, D'Sa Viren A.40, Fiks Alexander G.40, Gennaro Maria L.40, Irby Katherine40, Khare Manaswitha40, Landeo Guttierrez Jeremy40, McCulloh Russell J.40, Narang Shalu40, Ness- Cochinwala Manette40, Nolan Sheila40, Palumbo Paul40, Ryu Julie40, Salazar Juan C.40, Selvarangan Rangaraj40, Stein Cheryl R.40, Werzberger Alan40, Zempsky William T.40, Aupperle Robin40, Baker Fiona C.40, Banich Marie T.40, Barch Deanna M.40, Baskin-Sommers Arielle40, Bjork James M.40, Bookheimer Susan Y.40, Brown Sandra A.40, Casey BJ40, Chang Linda40, Clark Duncan B.40, Dale Anders M.40, Dapretto Mirella40, Ernst Thomas M.40, Fair Damien A.40, Feldstein Ewing Sarah W.40, Foxe John J.40, Freedman Edward G.40, Friedman Naomi P.40, Garavan Hugh40, Gee Dylan G.40, Gonzalez Raul40, Gray Kevin M.40, Heitzeg Mary M.40, Herting Megan M.40, Jacobus Joanna40, Laird Angela R.40, Larson Christine L.40, Lisdahl Krista M.40, Luciana Monica40, Luna Beatriz40, Madden Pamela A.F.40, McGlade Erin C.40, Müller-Oehring Eva M.40, Nagel Bonnie J.40, Neale Michael C.40, Paulus Martin P.40, Potter Alexandra S.40, Renshaw Perry F.40, Sowell Elizabeth R.40, Squeglia Lindsay M.40, Tapert Susan40, Uddin Lucina Q.40, Wilson Sylia40, Yurgelun-Todd Deborah A.40, Snowden Jessica N.40, Darden Paul M.40, Dixon Lexie40, Ahmed Amal40, Garbe Connor40, Hobart-Porter Laura40, Akerlundh Almary40, Howard Lee40, Hummel Kathy40, Krehbiel Hannah40, Spradlin Haley40, Yount Paula40, Alshawabkeh Akram40, Ross Judith40, McDevitt Carol40, Eckrich Dan40, Anderson Brett40, Ikomi Chijoke40, Katz Cheyenne40, Katz Danielle40, Aschner Judy40, Kowal Karen40, Meyer Marisa40, Atz Andy40, Atz Andrew40, Nguyen Connie40, Pellicciotti Gwen40, Phan Thao-Ly40, Ravin Karen40, Reynolds Victoria40, Baker Fiona40, Baker Annette40, Strang Abigail40, Thacker Deepika40, Goetter Annabelle40, Banerjee Dithi40, Barch Deanna40, Cheung JoAnn40, Hong Travis K.F.40, Kalua Shanelle40, Minami Evan40, Siu Andrea40, Tong Micah40, Albarado Baylea40, Allen Tracey40, Attuso Allison40, Ayers Taylor40, Bebler Emily40, Bella Grace40, Bennett Alexa40, Brown John40, Brown Ryan40, Brown Alexis40, Brown Sandra40, Carville Alison40, Bjork James40, Darby Sydnie40, Devall Kara40, Dragg Amber40, Elderedge Angela40, Fontenot Elisabeth40, Fry Greta40, Gildersleeve Bethany40, Goff Sara40, Harrington Lauren40, Boyd Jackie40, Jones Lisa40, Kaiser Victoria40, Kaiser Cassidy40, Lee Yejee40, Lee Stephen40, Lee Donna40, LeJeune Erin40, Leonhard Robert40, Levatino Jennifer40, Buchbinder Natalie C.40, Lewis Donald40, Lloyd Angrielle40, Monce Ron40, Munro Susannah40, Phillips Meghan40, Pucheu Blair40, Rachal Emily40, Rood Jennifer40, Roussel Stacey40, Rumsey Renee40, Sanford Connor40, Casey Virginia40, Santos Monica40, Santos Melissa40, Stafford Aryelle40, Castro Norma40, Thomassie Amy40, Waguespack Celeste40, Walgamotte Katherine40, Welch Meredith40, Windham Aubrey40, Stevenson Michelle40, Stevenson Lindsey40, Bell Tiffany40, Bell Liz40, Dasgupta Soham40, Deans Sarah40, Harris Katie40, Harris Donna40, Harris Lori40, Hemmerle Molly40, King Sarah40, McGuire Cameo40, Chrisant Maryanne40, Merten Brie40, Morris Sarah40, Ray Madison40, Reinhardt Brooklyn40, Clark Katelynne40, Clark Duncan40, Shemwell Shellese40, Simeon Theresa40, Walker Katherine40, Clouser Katharine40, Watson Sara40, Connors Tom40, Weakley Kathryn40, McCulloh Russell40, Figliomeni Johnathon40, Costello John40, Gamboa Laura40, Cottrell Lesley40, Morse Megan40, Nabower Aleisha40, Roberts Evan40, Sato Alice40, Simonsen Kari40, Cummins Caroline40, Von Bon Joann40, Hoover Denise40, D'Sa Viren40, Dabney Sean40, Fahrner Marie-Christine40, Gallagher Torrey40, Martini Karilyn40, McNally Mary40, Vivensi Stiverson Sarah40, Archuleta David40, Brito Rebecca40, Campbell Richard40, Chavez Jude40, Chavez Sonia40, Dehority Walter40, Garcia-Soberanez Noelle40, Gronert Eve40, Kadish Matthew40, Lovato Debbie40, Luo Karen40, Martinez Noah40, Merlino Analyse40, Diaz Maricela40, Sterling Marcus40, Ward Sarah40, Ward Emily40, Dionne Audrey40, Wilson Kevin40, Fergeson Gina40, Dozor Allen40, Karfonta Brittany40, McKee Ryan40, Moore Tiffany40, Owens Valorie40, Stubbs Sarah40, VanWagoner Timothy40, Elias Matthew40, Walsh Tim40, Agosto Roman Genesis40, Elliott Amy40, Ayala Ortiz Ishwara40, Cordero Jose40, De Jesus Jocelyn40, Galan Crystal40, Otero Nilda40, Rivera Robles Mayra40, Faustino Vince40, Roman Priscilla40, Roman Genesis40, Fiks Alexander40, Fiks Alex40, Santiago Xiodenis40, Velez-Vega Carmen40, Vergara Carlos40, Dantas Marina40, Kasmarcak Tyler40, Forsha Daniel40, Milks Kreighton40, Foxe John40, Adam Grace40, Andrew Rebecca40, Freedman Edward40, Angal Jyoti40, Barber Maria40, Cerkovnik Shelby40, Dos Reis Clayton40, Friedrich Christa40, Garcia Carolina40, Garcia Sergio40, Garcia Sonia40, Geigle Kellie40, Gyasi Rachel40, Gee Dylan40, Hockett Christine40, Gennaro Maria40, Johannsen Rachel40, Johnson Emily40, Johnson Madison40, Johnson Paige40, Lang Jennifer40, Lang Sean40, Lim Peter40, McCoy Meggie40, Miler Lorie40, Seiler Jessica40, Sundleaf Bret40, Torbert Nic40, Trosper Billy40, Werpy Jaime40, Gray Kevin40, Young Scott40, Chassereau Laurie40, Lahiri Thomas40, Rampone Katherine40, Lake Lauren40, Moffett Kathy40, Polak Emily40, Stutler Sarah40, Workman Charlotte40, Warburton David40, Mohandas Sindhu40, Wood John C.40, Hasbani Karen40, Cain Rosalba40, Carpenter Emma40, Mejia Samantha40, Heath Andrew40, Moghadam Nelly40, Mulder Candice40, O'Neil Sharon40, Rios Adrian40, Rosen Sydney40, Seals Natayla40, Hester Christina M.40, Smith Andrea40, Smith Paulette40, Tabibi Deeba40, Hill Anthony40, Milner Joshua40, Rosenzweig Erika B.40, Stockwell Melissa40, Aquino Tawanda40, Berg Elizabeth40, Caddle Steve40, Catallozzi Marina40, Chung Wendy40, Chung Anthony40, De Aliva40, Diaz Perez Anny40, DiLorenzo Michael40, Dumitriu Dani40, Farooqi Kanwal40, Fremed Michael40, Goldman Sylvie40, Kaplan Kayla40, Krishnan Usha40, Krishnan Anita40, Layton Aimee40, Lignelli-Dipple Angela40, McClaren Son40, Overdevest Jonathan40, Rodriguez Michelle40, Selman Jay40, Silver Wendy40, Jernigan Terry40, Silverio Raul40, Valdez de Romero Ana40, Vargas Celibell40, Vargas Crystal40, Caputo Daniella40, Leggieri Camille40, Pretsch Pamela40, Kleinman Lawrence40, Cerracchio Lisa40, Folnagy Amber40, Kaelber David40, Gzemski Sherri40, Hao Yue40, Li Simon40, Moroso Sandee40, Patel Akhil40, Richlin Benjamin40, Sharma Harsh40, Soto Damaris40, Kim Eugenia40, Kim Doyeon (Dan)40, Suarez Christian40, Suarez Maira40, Vargas Forero Bibiana40, Kinser Patricia40, Bean Emily40, Kluko Matthew40, DeFelice Carlie40, El Chebib Hassan40, Herbst Katherine W.40, Lesmes Stephanie40, Schulman Noah40, Pace Wilson D.40, Brooks-Greien Alicia40, Colin Karinne40, Juarez-Colunga Ariadna40, Laird Angela40, Manning Brian40, Shields Joel40, Westfall Jack40, York Daphne40, Olson Lynn40, Larson Christine40, Davis Kristin40, Griffith Miranda40, Macario Everly40, Steffes Jennifer40, Torres Alessandra40, Griswold Justine40, Nowakowski Amanda40, Riordan Maryellen40, Lisdahl Krista40, Aamir Rozina40, Abuzahrieh Mohammed40, Liu Iris40, Dalton Wendy40, Fortuna Suzanne40, Minium Judi40, Rosolowski Bonnie40, Nolan Sheila M.40, Braniecki Suzanne40, Mack Elizabeth40, Contreras Montserrat40, Jain Supriya40, Kaseta Suzanne40, Messer Zachary40, Ramirez Armando40, Singh Aalok40, Singh Gautam40, WIlliams Randy40, Hasan Uzma40, Ricciardi Elizabeth40, Trespalacios Vanessa40, Carter Yvonne40, McCrindle Brian40, Howell Kelsye40, Mains Megan40, Regis Trina40, Tantisira Kelan40, Tantisira Kelan G.40, Rhee Kyung40, Rhee Kyung E.40, Warner Megan R.40, Landeo Gutierrez Jeremy40, Mitchell Elizabeth40, Akshoomoff Natacha40, Matta Ileana40, Sanchez Cinthia40, Sanchez Cinthia E.40, Arroyo Maria40, Chao Bryant Y.40, Chao Bryant40, Holguin Margarita40, Reyes Sofia40, Barrientos Wendy40, Gomez Guadalupe40, Herrera Trinidad40, Kiernan Elizabeth40, Schreck Andrea40, Neale Mike40, Newburger Jane40, Celso Janelle40, Franco Lizbeth40, O'Connor Shawn40, Glenn-Arroyo M. Rosie40, Gutierrez Jeremy40, Oster Matt40, Joskowitz M. Katie40, Moran Christine40, Pyatt David40, Ramos Vallej Lisa40, Paulus Martin40, Baroni Argelinda40, Castro Ovalle Thomas Dylan40, Farkas Jonathan S40, Isidoro-Chino Maria40, Kesebir Deniz40, Quarless Ashley40, Siddiqui Sarwat40, Potter Alexandra40, Srinivasan Ranjini40, Thomason Moriah40, Burton Phoebe40, Cano Lorente Rosa40, Wehbe Stephanie40, Salisbury Amy40, Espinoza Jocelyn40, Espinoza Abby40, Moyer Sara40, Rider Amy40, Russell Sally40, Russell Mark40, Schecter Michael40, Rao Suchitra40, Dale Anders40, Aguilar Jose40, Benjamin David40, Emerson Brandy40, Graves Jennifer40, Guerrero Amanda40, Linkersdoerfer Janosch40, Schooley Robert40, Thompson Wes40, Trinh Thanh40, Yang Ron40, Herting Megan40, Sowell Elizabeth40, Cisneros Cynthia40, Goedde Lauren40, Manlhiot Cedric40, Limia Jorge40, Curry^ Melanie40, El-Sabbagh Nour S.40, Squeglia Lindsay40, Agbeh Samuel40, Herring Cori40, Sanil Yamuna40, Mckenzie Brittany40, Nagel Bonnie40, Morales Angie40, Colrain^ Ian40, Muller-Oehring Eva40, Durley Ingrid40, Uddin Lucina40, Bookheimer Susan40, Caldera Christina40, Dzul Jennifer40, Zarate Cinthia40, Banich Marie40, Badilla Paola40, Keith Jennifer40, Kumar G40, Messinger^ David40, Prazak Katie40, Nixon Sara Jo40, Cardoso Melanie40, Sullivan Meagan40, Sullivan Nancy40, Villard Stephen40, Ernst Thomas40, Cloak Christine40, Liang Huajun40, Ryan Meghann C.40, Heitzerg Mary40, Conley Jennifer40, Puttler^ Leonard40, Srivastava Shubhika40, Iacono^ William40, Schroeder Aaron40, Retucci Megan40, Ni Mhurchu Sile40, Spallina Samantha40, McGlade Erin40, Yurgelun-Todd Deborah40, Cline Kirsten40, Heinrich Lauren40, Renshaw Perry40, Szmuszkovicz Jackie40, Barrett Cass40, Lozon Sofia40, Spear Samantha40, Clearwater^ Tory40, Kaiver^ Christine40, Nelson Caitlin40, Paltzer Zach40, Peteet Bridgette40, Calonge Olive40, Slattery Noah40, Straub Lisa40, Truong Dongngan40, Madden Pamela40, Powell Taylor40, Schmitz Denise40, Epie^ Boris40, Hobbs^ Rebekah40, Williams^ Alex40, Xiang Zhouran (Rick)40, Miller Julie40, Trachtenberg Felicia40, Amarnath Ayesha40, Ambrosoli James40, Artis Denise40, Bandari Sachin40, Birmingham Emily40, Wang Shuo40, Eyob Lozan40, Hayes Kerri40, Hu Chenwei40, Watkins Dara40, Joyce Melissa40, Joyce Emma40, Kazlova Valentina40, Marshall Amanda40, Mbizdenyuy Devine40, Mu PJ40, Rowe Robin40, Sayles Brooke40, Zhang Mo40, Burnett Melissa40, Sanders-Lewis Kolby40, McHugh Kim40, Bickford Megan40, Wong Pierre40, Buckley Jason40, Dennis Delany40, Emrath-Zwick Elizabeth40, Freeman Mary40, Jackson Lanier40, Pletzer Scott40, Ruth Natasha40, Taylor Carolyn40, Zyblewski Sinai40, Dunn Andrea40, Fagatele Lilly40, Lambert Linda40, Sexson Kristin40, Moussi Elias40, Olukayode David40, Pena Sandra40, Pignatelli Ricardo40, Serrano Faridis40, Sexson Tejtel Sara40, Shekerdemian Lara40, DeFerrantini Sarah40, Giorgio Thomas40, Khan Numaira40, Mahanta Simran40, Son MaryBeth40, Reis Georgia40, Behzadian Fariborz40, Canas Carla40, Cheng Andrew40, Scott Brandi40, Gawad Mike40, Kazarians Alicia40, Sarkissian Anastasia40, Secules Consuelo40, Su Jennifer40, Votava-Smith Jodie40, Wagner-Lees Sharon40, Aggarwal Sanjeev40, Almasnaah Aiman40, Kannikeswaran Nirupama40, Meert Kathleen40, Spencer Priya40, Sundaralingam Sureja40, Undyala Vishnu40, Weber Amanda40, Williams Farr Charmaine40, Bradford Tamara40, Johnston Marla40, Forrest Chris40, Albizem Dana40, Coffin Susan40, Giglia Therese40, Lupton Katherine40, Marks Grace40, Morrison Tonia40, Nelson^ Jennifer40, Sachdeva Rachel40, Britton Jordyn40, Fetch Alix40, Almaguer Marisa40, Cnota Jim40, Dugan Lauryn40, Pickering Elise40, Rathge Kathleen40, Capone Christine40, Misra Nilanjana40, Shamailova Olga40, Doman Tammy40, Jani Sagar40, Bainton Jessica40, Alaby Doris40, Barton Norma40, Prospero Carol40, Williams Ed40, Zadokar Varsha40, Sabati Arash40, Domian Kylie40, Herzberg Ashley40, Khanna Sanjana40, Nowlen Todd40, Park Susan40, Porche Jade40, Stack Samantha40, Dummer Kirsten40, Bandy Sherrie40, Burns Jane40, Crane Katheryn40, Hedge Sanjeet40, Pancheri Joan40, Tremoulet Adriana40, Payne Ronald Mark40, Stumpf Mary40, Portman Michael40, Kajimoto Hidemi40, Osakwe Onyekachukwu40, Morato Jemylle40, Shakti^ Divya40, Golub Katrina40, Rojas Chanel40, Rosalind Korsin40, Sanchez Chantal40, Anderson^ Brett40, Sharma Kavita40, Anguiano William40, Ikemba Catherine40, Lozano Alejandra40, Martinez Maria40, Rojas Wendy40, Handler Stephanie40, Block Joe40, Cole Regina40, Maldonado Jennifer40, Jone Pei-Ni40, Carr Michael40, Goodell Lauren40, Kar Wantanabe40, Van't Hof Kathleen40, Hebson Camden40, Hock Krissie40, Morgan Lerraughn40, Macias Isaura40, Owada Carl40, Rangel Mayra40, Sykes Michelle40, Kadish Matt40, Newman Lisa T.40, Abella Julie40, Barnette Quinn40, Bevc Christine40, Beverly Jennifer40, Croxford Julie40, Farris Tonya40, Hanlon Sean40, Hines David40, Johnson-Lawrence Vicki40, Lefebvre Craig40, Linas Beth40, Luukinen Bryan40, Mandal Meisha40, McKoy Nikki J.40, Pasquarelli Demian40, Quiner Claire40, Sembajwe Rita40, Thornburg Vanessa40, Tosco Kendall40, Wright Hannah40, Gross Rachel S.40, Hochman Judith S.40, Horwitz Leora I.40, Katz Stuart D.40, Troxel Andrea B.40, Adler Lenard40, Akinbo Precious40, Almenana Ramona40, Aschalew^ Malate40, Balick^ Lara40, Bello Ola40, Bhuiyan Sultana40, Blachman Nina40, Branski Ryan40, Briscoe Jasmine40, Brosnahan Shari40, Bueler Elliott40, Burgos Yvette40, Caplin Nina40, Chaplin Domonique40, Chen Yu40, Cheng Shen40, Choe Peter40, Choi Jess40, Chung Alicia40, Church Richard40, Cobos Stanley40, Croft Nakia40, Cruz Irving Angelique40, Del Boccio Phoebe40, Díaz Iván40, Divers Jasmin40, Doshi Vishal40, Dreyer Benard40, Ebel Samantha40, Esquenazi-Karonika Shari40, Faustin Arline40, Febres Elias40, Fine Jeffrey40, Fink Sandra40, Freeland Catherine40, Frontera Jennifer40, Gallagher Richard40, Gonzalez-Duarte Alejandra40, Gross Rachel40, Hasson Denise40, Hill Sophia40, Hochman Judith40, Horwitz Leora40, Hossain^ Jennifer40, Islam Shahidul40, Saint Jean Christina40, Johnson Stephen40, Kansal Neha40, Katz Stuart40, Kenney Rachel40, Kershner^ Tammy40, Kewlani Deepshikha40, Kwak^ Judy40, Lamendola-Essel Michelle F.40, Laury^ Sarah40, Laynor Gregory40, Lei^ Lei40, Leon Terry40, Linton Janelle40, Logan Max40, Malik Nadia40, Mamistvalova Lia40, Mandel Hannah40, Maranga Gabrielle40, Mattoo Aprajita40, Mei Tony40, Mendelsohn Alan40, Mercier Emmanuelle40, Millar Vernetti Patricio40, Miller Marc40, Mitchell Maika40, Moreira Andre40, Mudumbi Praveen C.40, Nahin Erica40, Nair Nandini40, Nekulak Joseph40, Owens Kellie40, Parent Brendan40, Patibandla Nandan40, Petrov Peter40, Postelnicu Radu40, Pratt Francesca40, Randall Isabelle40, Rao Priyatha40, Rapkiewicz Amy40, Rizzo JohnRoss40, Rosas Johana40, Rose Chelsea40, Saint-Jean Christina40, Santacatterina Michelle40, Shah Binita40, Shaukat Aasma40, Simon Naomi40, Simsir Aylin40, Stinson Miranda40, Tang Wenfei40, Tatapudi Vasishta40, Thawani Sujata40, Thomas Mary40, Thorpe Lorna40, Tom MeeLee40, Treiha Ethan40, Troxel Andrea40, Truong Jennifer40, Udosen Mmekom40, Valencia^ Carlos40, Velazquez-Perez Jessica40, Vidal Crystal40, Viswanathan Anand40, Willerford^ Amy40, Williams^ Natasha40, Wong Crystal40, Wood Marion J.40, Wuller Shannon40, Yin Shonna H.40, Young Chloe40, Zaretsky Jonah40, Zavlunova Susanna40, Foulkes Andrea40, Karlson Elizabeth40, Murphy Shawn40, Ahirwar Shreya40, Ahmed Shifa40, Ainsworth Layne Lyle40, Atchley-Challenner Rachel40, Avilach Paul40, Balan Trisha Teston40, Benik Nicholas40, Benoit Barbara40, Bind Marie-Abèle C.40, Bonaventura William John40, Boutin Natalie40, Brion Beverly40, Cagan Andrew40, Cai Tianrun40, Cao Tingyi40, Castro Victor Manuel40, Cerretani Xander R.40, Chan James Gin Man40, Chang Simon40, Cheng David40, Chibnik Lori Beth40, Ciriello Mark40, Costenbader Karen40, Dimitrov Dimitar S.40, Estiri Hossein40, Fayad Maria40, Feldman Candace H.40, Gainer Vivian40, Ghosh Bhaswati40, Gollub Randy40, Harris Alan40, Helmer Karl40, Hendrix Andrew40, Holzbach Ana40, Huang Weixing40, Kaufman Daniel40, Keogh Diane40, Kerr James David40, Klann Jeffrey Gordon40, Krishnamoorthy Aparna40, Lasky-Su Jessica A.40, Liao Katherine P.40, MacFadden Doug40, Maram Anupama40, Martel Megan Wilson40, Mendis Michael40, Metta Reeta40, Monteiro Jonathan40, Morales Eduardo40, Nazaire Marc-Danie40, Neils Gregory40, Nguyen Amber Nghi40, Norman James40, Paik Henry Hyun-Il40, Pant Deepti40, Park HeeKyong40, Rabideau Dustin John40, Reeder Harrison Thomas40, Rossi-Roh Kathleen40, Santacroce Leah Mary40, Schlepphorst Katherine40, Schulte Carolin40, Selvaggi Caitlin Ann40, Shinnick Daniel James40, Simons William40, Simpson Lynn A.40, St. Jean Flanders Mary Louise40, Strasser Zachary40, Thakrar Mansi R.40, Thaweethai Tanayott40, Thorn Madeleine40, Trewett Philip40, Van Fleet Dustin40, Wagholikar Kavishwar B.40, Wang Taowei David40, Wattanasin Nich40, Weber Griffin40, Williams Michael Allyn40, Zhang Ren Zhe40, Cicek Mine40, Boysen Erik M.40, Chang Nancy40, Flotte Thomas J40, Frisch Erika40, Welch Gary40, Wirkus Samantha40, Zahnle Nicole40, Adams^ Sonseeahray (Ray)40, Akintonwa Teresa40, Aragon Leyna40, Bander Bryan40, Bishof Karyn40, Blancero Frank40, Brooks^ Gail40, Carignan Etienne40, Carmilani Megan40, Castro-Baucom Leah40, Cerda Marta40, Coombs Krista40, Copeland Debra40, Corchado Claudia40, Davis Hannah40, Blakley Felicia D.40, Diggs Marissa40, Edwards Belinda40, Brown Heather E.40, Favors Umar40, Fields^ Whitney40, Fisher Liza40, Fitzgerald Megan40, Gaffney Alicia40, Gage Witvliet Margot40, Garcia^ Roberto40, Gustafson Tyler40, Guthe Nick40, Hall Yvonka40, Holmes Verna40, Hornig Mady40, Hornig Maxwell40, Jefferson^ Wendy40, Kim Christina40, Kochis Nancy40, Kondo Kevin40, Lam Julie40, Lawrence Fadwa40, Lerma Lydia40, Letts Rebecca40, Lewis Juan40, Lindsay Jacqui40, Lopez Silcia40, Marti Heather40, Martinez Thomas40, Maughan Christine40, McCorkell Lisa40, McGrath Rebecca40, Minor Thomas T.40, Moore Charita40, Nguyen Kian40, Nichols Lauren40, O'Brien Lisa40, Olson Holly40, Peddie Aimee40, Perlowski Alice40, Lorenzo Elizabeth P.40, Prentiss Lisa40, Raytselis Nadia40, Regino Lidia40, Roberts Marjorie40, Rochez Nitza40, Rockwell Megan40, Rutter Jacqueline40, Rochez^ Nitza40, Seibert Elle40, Sekar Anisha40, Smith^ Chimere40, Stiles Lauren40, Taylor Brittany40, Taylor Emily40, Thompson Julie40, Trapp^ Stephen40, Valdiva Stephen40, Vincent Hyatt40, Wallace Ann40, Wilensky Rochelle40, Williams Melissa40, Williams Neely40, Dawson Kay W.40, Wylam Andrew40, Zissis Mike40, Balaraman Venkataraman41, Bogie Amanda42, Bukulmez Hulya43, Dozor Allen J.44, Eckrich Daniel45, Elliott Amy J.46, Evans Danielle N.47, Farkas Jonathan S.48, Faustino E. Vincent S.49, Fischer Laura50, Gaur Sunanda51, Harahsheh Ashraf S.52, Hasan Uzma N.53, Hsia Daniel S.54, Huerta-Montañez Gredia55, Hummel Kathy D.47, Kadish Matt P.56, Kaelber David C.57, Krishnan Sankaran44, Kosut Jessica S.41, Larrabee Jerry56, Lim Peter Paul C.58, Michelow Ian C.59, Oliveira Carlos R.60, Raissy Hengameh61, Rosario-Pabon Zaira62, Ross Judith L.63, Sato Alice I.64, Stevenson Michelle D.65, Talavera-Barber Maria M.66, Teufel Ronald J.67, Weakley Kathryn E.68, Zimmerman Emily69, Bind Marie-Abele C.37, Chan James2, Guan Zoe2, Morse Richard E.2, Reeder Harrison T.2, Akshoomoff Natascha70, Aschner Judy L.71, Bhattacharjee Rakesh9, Cottrell Lesley A.72, Cowan Kelly73, D'Sa Viren A.74, Fiks Alexander G.75, Gennaro Maria L.76, Irby Katherine77, Khare Manaswitha78, Guttierrez Jeremy Landeo9, McCulloh Russell J.79, Narang Shalu80, Ness-Cochinwala Manette81, Nolan Sheila82, Palumbo Paul83, Ryu Julie9, Salazar Juan C.59, Selvarangan Rangaraj84, Stein Cheryl R.85, Werzberger Alan86, Zempsky William T.87, Aupperle Robin88, Baker Fiona C.89, Banich Marie T.90, Barch Deanna M.91, Baskin-Sommers Arielle92, Bjork James M.93, Bookheimer Susan Y.94, Brown Sandra A.95, Casey BJ96, Chang Linda97, Clark Duncan B.98, Dale Anders M.99, Dapretto Mirella94, Ernst Thomas M.97, Fair Damien A.100, Feldstein Ewing Sarah W.101, Foxe John J.102, Freedman Edward G.102, Friedman Naomi P.103, Garavan Hugh104, Gee Dylan G.92, Gonzalez Raul105, Gray Kevin M.106, Heitzeg Mary M.107, Herting Megan M.108, Jacobus Joanna70, Laird Angela R.109, Larson Christine L.110, Lisdahl Krista M.110, Luciana Monica111, Luna Beatriz98, Madden Pamela A.F.112, McGlade Erin C.113, Müller-Oehring Eva M.89, Nagel Bonnie J.114, Neale Michael C.115, Paulus Martin P.88, Potter Alexandra S.116, Renshaw Perry F.113, Sowell Elizabeth R.117, Squeglia Lindsay M.106, Tapert Susan70, Uddin Lucina Q.94, Wilson Sylia118, Yurgelun-Todd Deborah A.113
Affiliation:
1. Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 2. Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 3. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 4. Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 5. Bristol Myers Squibb Children’s Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey 6. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 7. Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 8. Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 9. Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California 10. Division of Child and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California 11. Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California 12. School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 13. Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 14. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 15. Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 16. Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 17. Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 18. Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City 19. Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 20. Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City 21. Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 22. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 23. Division of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 24. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 25. Division of Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 26. Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 27. Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 28. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 29. NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York 30. Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 31. RECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York 32. Long Covid Families, Charlotte, North Carolina 33. Division of Long COVID, Department of Pandemic Equity, Vermont Center for Independent Living, Montpelier 34. Patient Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC 35. CORe Community, Inc (COVID Recovery through Community, a 501c3), New York, New York 36. Division of Community Impact, Department of Health Strategies, American Heart Association, Atlanta, Georgia 37. Division of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 38. Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 39. Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York 40. and the RECOVER-Pediatrics Group Authors 41. Department of Pediatrics, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii 42. Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City 43. Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio 44. Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Health Physicians, New York Medical College, Valhalla 45. Department of Biomedical Research Informatics Center, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington 46. Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 47. Division of Research, Department of Research Administration, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 48. Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals Bellevue, New York 49. Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 50. Pediatric Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 51. Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 52. Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 53. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey 54. Department of Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 55. Division of Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 56. Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 57. Departments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio 58. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls 59. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford 60. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 61. Division of Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 62. Division of Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 63. Division of Pediatrics Administration, Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 64. Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 65. Division of Norton Children's Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 66. Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls 67. Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 68. Division of Norton Children's Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 69. Division of Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 70. Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 71. Center for Discovery and Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 72. Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown 73. Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington 74. Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 75. Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 76. Public Health Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 77. Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 78. Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 79. Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 80. Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey 81. Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Miami, Florida 82. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Health Physicians, New York Medical College, Valhalla 83. Divisions of Infectious Disease and International Health, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 84. Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri 85. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York 86. Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Best Healthcare Inc, Monroe, New York 87. Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford 88. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma 89. Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 90. Institute of Cognitive Science and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder 91. Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 92. Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 93. Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 94. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles 95. Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 96. Department of Psychology, Barnard College - Columbia University, New York, New York 97. Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore 98. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 99. Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, and Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 100. Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Oregon Health & Science University, Minneapolis 101. Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 102. Deptartment of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 103. Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder 104. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 105. Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami 106. Division of Addiction Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 107. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 108. Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles 109. Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami 110. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 111. Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 112. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 113. Departments of Psychiatry and Veteran Affairs, MIRECC, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 114. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland 115. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 116. Division of Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 117. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles 118. Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
Abstract
ImportanceMost research to understand postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, has focused on adults, with less known about this complex condition in children. Research is needed to characterize pediatric PASC to enable studies of underlying mechanisms that will guide future treatment.ObjectiveTo identify the most common prolonged symptoms experienced by children (aged 6 to 17 years) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, how these symptoms differ by age (school-age [6-11 years] vs adolescents [12-17 years]), how they cluster into distinct phenotypes, and what symptoms in combination could be used as an empirically derived index to assist researchers to study the likely presence of PASC.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMulticenter longitudinal observational cohort study with participants recruited from more than 60 US health care and community settings between March 2022 and December 2023, including school-age children and adolescents with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection history.ExposureSARS-CoV-2 infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPASC and 89 prolonged symptoms across 9 symptom domains.ResultsA total of 898 school-age children (751 with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection [referred to as infected] and 147 without [referred to as uninfected]; mean age, 8.6 years; 49% female; 11% were Black or African American, 34% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 60% were White) and 4469 adolescents (3109 infected and 1360 uninfected; mean age, 14.8 years; 48% female; 13% were Black or African American, 21% were Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish, and 73% were White) were included. Median time between first infection and symptom survey was 506 days for school-age children and 556 days for adolescents. In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise–related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
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