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The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Adult Lip, Oral, and Pharyngeal Cancer in 204 Countries and Territories

  • Published:2023-10-01 Issue:10 Volume:9 Page:1401
  • ISSN:2374-2437
  • Container-title:JAMA Oncology
  • language:en
  • Short-container-title:JAMA Oncol

Author:

,Cunha Amanda Ramos da1,Compton Kelly2,Xu Rixing23,Mishra Rashmi4,Drangsholt Mark Thomas45,Antunes Jose Leopoldo Ferreira1,Kerr Alexander R.6,Acheson Alistair R.2,Lu Dan2,Wallace Lindsey E.2,Kocarnik Jonathan M.2,Fu Weijia2,Dean Frances E.27,Pennini Alyssa2,Henrikson Hannah Jacqueline28,Alam Tahiya2,Ababneh Emad9,Abd-Elsalam Sherief10,Abdoun Meriem11,Abidi Hassan12,Abubaker Ali Hiwa13,Abu-Gharbieh Eman14,Adane Tigist Demssew15,Addo Isaac Yeboah1617,Ahmad Aqeel18,Ahmad Sajjad19,Ahmed Rashid Tarik20,Akonde Maxwell21,Al Hamad Hanadi2223,Alahdab Fares24,Alimohamadi Yousef25,Alipour Vahid2627,Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali28,Alsharif Ubai29,Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza30,Anwar Sumadi Lukman31,Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward32,Arabloo Jalal26,Aravkin Aleksandr Y.23334,Aruleba Raphael Taiwo35,Asaad Malke36,Ashraf Tahira37,Athari Seyyed Shamsadin38,Attia Sameh39,Azadnajafabad Sina40,Azangou-Khyavy Mohammadreza4041,Badar Muhammad42,Baghcheghi Nayereh43,Banach Maciej4445,Bardhan Mainak4647,Barqawi Hiba Jawdat14,Bashir Nasir Z.48,Bashiri Azadeh49,Benzian Habib50,Bernabe Eduardo51,Bhagat Devidas S.52,Bhojaraja Vijayalakshmi S.53,Bjørge Tone5455,Bouaoud Souad5657,Braithwaite Dejana5859,Briko Nikolay Ivanovich60,Calina Daniela61,Carreras Giulia62,Chakraborty Promit Ananyo63,Chattu Vijay Kumar6465,Chaurasia Akhilanand66,Chen Meng Xuan67,Cho William C. S.68,Chu Dinh-Toi69,Chukwu Isaac Sunday70,Chung Eunice2,Cruz-Martins Natália7172,Dadras Omid5473,Dai Xiaochen234,Dandona Lalit27475,Dandona Rakhi23474,Daneshpajouhnejad Parnaz7677,Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani Reza78,Darwesh Aso Mohammad79,Debela Sisay Abebe80,Derbew Molla Meseret81,Dessalegn Fikadu Nugusu82,Dianati-Nasab Mostafa8384,Digesa Lankamo Ena85,Dixit Shilpi Gupta86,Dixit Abhinav87,Djalalinia Shirin88,El Sayed Iman89,El Tantawi Maha90,Enyew Daniel Berhanie91,Erku Daniel Asfaw92,Ezzeddini Rana93,Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis9495,Falzone Luca9697,Fetensa Getahun98,Fukumoto Takeshi99,Gaewkhiew Piyada100101,Gallus Silvano102,Gebrehiwot Mesfin103,Ghashghaee Ahmad104,Gill Paramjit Singh105,Golechha Mahaveer106,Goleij Pouya107,Gomez Ricardo Santiago108,Gorini Giuseppe109,Guimaraes Andre Luiz Sena110,Gupta Bhawna111,Gupta Sapna112,Gupta Veer Bala113,Gupta Vivek Kumar114,Haj-Mirzaian Arvin115116,Halboub Esam S.117118,Halwani Rabih14119,Hanif Asif120,Hariyani Ninuk121122,Harorani Mehdi123,Hasani Hamidreza124,Hassan Abbas M.36,Hassanipour Soheil125126,Hassen Mohammed Bheser2127,Hay Simon I.234,Hayat Khezar128129,Herrera-Serna Brenda Yuliana130,Holla Ramesh131,Horita Nobuyuki132133,Hosseinzadeh Mehdi134135,Hussain Salman136137,Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen138139,Ilic Irena M.140,Ilic Milena D.141,Isola Gaetano142,Jaiswal Abhishek143,Jani Chinmay T.144,Javaheri Tahereh145,Jayarajah Umesh146147,Jayaram Shubha148,Joseph Nitin149,Kadashetti Vidya150,Kandaswamy Eswar151,Karanth Shama D.152,Karaye Ibraheem M.153,Kauppila Joonas H.154155,Kaur Harkiran74,Keykhaei Mohammad40156,Khader Yousef Saleh157,Khajuria Himanshu158,Khanali Javad4041,Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli159,Khayat Kashani Hamid Reza160,Khazeei Tabari Mohammad Amin161162,Kim Min Seo163164,Kompani Farzad165,Koohestani Hamid Reza166,Kumar G. Anil74,Kurmi Om P.167168,La Vecchia Carlo169,Lal Dharmesh Kumar74,Landires Iván170171,Lasrado Savita172,Ledda Caterina173,Lee Yo Han174,Libra Massimo97,Lim Stephen S.234,Listl Stefan175176,Lopukhov Platon D.60,Mafi Ahmad R.177,Mahumud Rashidul Alam178,Malik Ahmad Azam120179,Mathur Manu Raj180181,Maulud Sazan Qadir182,Meena Jitendra Kumar183,Mehrabi Nasab Entezar184,Mestrovic Tomislav2185,Mirfakhraie Reza186,Misganaw Awoke34187,Misra Sanjeev188,Mithra Prasanna149,Mohammad Yousef189,Mohammadi Mokhtar190,Mohammadi Esmaeil191192,Mokdad Ali H.234,Moni Mohammad Ali193,Moraga Paula194,Morrison Shane Douglas195,Mozaffari Hamid Reza196,Mubarik Sumaira197,Murray Christopher J. L.234,Nair Tapas Sadasivan198,Narasimha Swamy Sreenivas199,Narayana Aparna Ichalangod200,Nassereldine Hasan2,Natto Zuhair S.201202,Nayak Biswa Prakash158,Negru Serban Mircea203,Nggada Haruna Asura204205,Nouraei Hasti206,Nuñez-Samudio Virginia207208,Oancea Bogdan209,Olagunju Andrew T.210211,Omar Bali Ahmed212,Padron-Monedero Alicia213,Padubidri Jagadish Rao214,Pandey Anamika74,Pardhan Shahina215,Patel Jay216217,Pezzani Raffaele218219,Piracha Zahra Zahid220,Rabiee Navid221222,Radhakrishnan Venkatraman223,Radhakrishnan Raghu Anekal200,Rahmani Amir Masoud224,Rahmanian Vahid225,Rao Chythra R.226,Rao Sowmya J.227,Rath Goura Kishor228,Rawaf David Laith229230,Rawaf Salman231232,Rawassizadeh Reza233,Razeghinia Mohammad Sadegh234235,Rezaei Nazila40,Rezaei Negar40236,Rezaei Nima237238,Rezapour Aziz26,Riad Abanoub239136,Roberts Thomas J.240241,Romero-Rodríguez Esperanza242,Roshandel Gholamreza243,S. Manjula244,S. N. Chandan244,Saddik Basema245,Saeb Mohammad Reza246,Saeed Umar220247,Safaei Mohsen248,Sahebazzamani Maryam249250,Sahebkar Amirhossein251252,Salek Farrokhi Amir253,Samy Abdallah M.254255,Santric-Milicevic Milena M.140256,Sathian Brijesh22257,Satpathy Maheswar258259,Šekerija Mario260261,Senthilkumaran Subramanian262,Seylani Allen263,Shafaat Omid264265,Shahsavari Hamid R.266,Shamsoddin Erfan267268,Sharew Mequannent Melaku269,Sharifi-Rad Javad270,Shetty Jeevan K.271,Shivakumar K. M.272,Shobeiri Parnian192273,Shorofi Seyed Afshin274275,Shrestha Sunil276,Siddappa Malleshappa Sudeep K.277,Singh Paramdeep278,Singh Jasvinder A.279280,Singh Garima281282,Sinha Dhirendra Narain283284,Solomon Yonatan285,Suleman Muhammad286287,Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan288,Taheri Abkenar Yasaman289,Talaat Iman M.14290,Tan Ker-Kan291,Tbakhi Abdelghani292,Thiyagarajan Arulmani293,Tiyuri Amir294295,Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto296297,Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran298,Vo Bay299,Volovat Simona Ruxandra300301,Wang Cong302,Westerman Ronny303,Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana304,Xiao Hong305306,Yu Chuanhua197,Yuce Deniz307,Yunusa Ismaeel308,Zadnik Vesna309,Zare Iman310,Zhang Zhi-Jiang311,Zoladl Mohammad312,Force Lisa M.234313,Hugo Fernando N.314

Affiliation:

1. School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle

3. Department of Data and Tooling, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington

4. Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle

5. Oral Medicine Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle

6. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York

7. Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley

8. Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts

9. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

10. Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

11. Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria

12. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

13. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

14. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

15. Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

16. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

17. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

18. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia

19. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan

20. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq

21. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia

22. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

23. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

24. Evidence-Based Practice Center Program, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota

25. Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

26. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

27. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

28. College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

29. Dortmund Clinic, Dortmund, Germany

30. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran

31. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

32. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia

33. Department of Applied Mathematics, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle

34. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle

35. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

36. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston

37. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

38. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

39. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

40. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

41. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

42. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

43. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

44. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

45. Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

46. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India

47. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India

48. School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom

49. Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

50. Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York

51. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom

52. Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India

53. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical, University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain

54. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

55. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway

56. Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria

57. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria

58. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville

59. Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville

60. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia

61. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

62. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy

63. School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

64. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India

65. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India

66. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India

67. Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

68. Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China

69. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

70. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria

71. Department of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Gandra, Portugal

72. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

73. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway

74. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India

75. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India

76. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

77. Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

78. Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

79. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

80. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia

81. Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

82. Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia

83. Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

84. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

85. Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

86. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

87. Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

88. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran

89. Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

90. Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

91. Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

92. Centre for Applied Health Economics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

93. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

94. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

95. The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom

96. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy

97. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

98. Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

99. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

100. Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Thailand

101. Population and Patient Health Group, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom

102. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy

103. Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia

104. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

105. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom

106. Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India

107. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran

108. Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

109. Oncological Network, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy

110. School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil

111. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

112. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India

113. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

114. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

115. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

116. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

117. College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

118. School of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen

119. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

120. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

121. Department of Dental Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

122. Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

123. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

124. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

125. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

126. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

127. National Data Management Center for Health (NDMC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

128. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

129. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

130. Department of Oral Health, Faculty of Health, Autonomous University of Manizales, Manizales, Colombia

131. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

132. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

133. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

134. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

135. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

136. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

137. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

138. Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

139. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

140. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

141. Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

142. Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

143. Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

144. Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

145. Health Informatics Lab, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts

146. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

147. Department of Surgery, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka

148. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India

149. Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

150. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India

151. Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans

152. University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville

153. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York

154. Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

155. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

156. Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

157. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

158. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India

159. Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India

160. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

161. Department of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

162. MAZUMS Office, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran

163. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea

164. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea

165. Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

166. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran

167. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, United Kingdom

168. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

169. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

170. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama

171. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama

172. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India

173. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

174. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

175. Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

176. Department of Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

177. Department of Clinical Oncology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

178. NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

179. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

180. Department of Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India

181. Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom

182. Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq

183. Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

184. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

185. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia

186. Department of Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

187. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

188. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

189. Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

190. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq

191. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

192. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

193. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

194. Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

195. Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle

196. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

197. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

198. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

199. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India

200. Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

201. Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

202. Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts

203. Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania

204. Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria

205. Department of Human Pathology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

206. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

207. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama

208. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama

209. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

210. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

211. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Clinical Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

212. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

213. National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

214. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

215. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom

216. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

217. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom

218. Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

219. Associazione Italiana Ricerca Oncologica di Base (AIROB), Padova, Italy

220. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan

221. School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

222. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea

223. Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India

224. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan

225. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran

226. Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

227. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India

228. Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

229. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom

230. Inovus Medical, St Helens, England, United Kingdom

231. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom

232. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, England, United Kingdom

233. Department of Computer Science, College of Arts & Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts

234. Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran

235. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

236. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

237. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

238. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

239. Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

240. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston

241. Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts

242. Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain

243. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

244. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India

245. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

246. Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland

247. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan

248. Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

249. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

250. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran

251. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

252. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

253. Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

254. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

255. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MARSI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

256. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

257. Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England, United Kingdom

258. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

259. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India

260. Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

261. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia

262. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India

263. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland

264. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

265. Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

266. Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran

267. Department of Oral Health, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

268. Non-Communicable Diseases Committee, National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran

269. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

270. Faculty of Medicine, University of Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador

271. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain

272. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India

273. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran

274. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Nasibeh School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

275. College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

276. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

277. Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts

278. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India

279. Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham

280. Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama

281. Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India

282. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

283. Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India

284. Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India

285. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

286. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora, Pakistan

287. School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

288. National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India

289. Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom

290. Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

291. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

292. Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan

293. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany

294. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

295. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

296. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India

297. Modestum LTD, Eastbourne, England, United Kingdom

298. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India

299. Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

300. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa” Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania

301. Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania

302. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

303. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany

304. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

305. School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China

306. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington

307. Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey

308. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia

309. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

310. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran

311. School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

312. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

313. Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle

314. Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Abstract

ImportanceLip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.ObjectiveTo analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence ReviewThe incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.FindingsIn 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts.

Publisher

American Medical Association (AMA)

Subject

Oncology,Cancer Research

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