1. 1. For mobility in western Europe, see, among others, Moch (1992).
2. 2. A detailed overview of the scholarship about Italian emigration is offered by Sanfilippo (2005).
3. 3. For the specific case of Italian emigration, see Fasce (2006), Vezzosi (2006), and Bertonha (2010).
4. 4. Ciuffoletti’s conventional interpretation has recently been criticized by Silvana Patriarca, who has argued that the existence of both Italians and Italy’s national character predates the political unification of the country (Patriarca 2010).
5. 5. Giovanni Battista Cuneo to Giuseppe Mazzini, Montevideo, April 24, 1841, in Mazzini (1914, 275).