Environmental problems from rainfall runoff

Abstract

The state of surface water objects requires constant attention, since on the one hand – they are the sources of fresh water, and on the other hand – the wastewater receivers. Whole range of factors influence the state of surface waters: climatic characteristics, hydrology, soil features and water quality. The relevance of this topic is due to the difficult socio-ecological situation in the river basins of Ukraine; during decades, the aquatic ecosystems have been considered and used only as an economic resource for industrial and agricultural production and the discharge of pollutants, which has led to a rapid decrease in the ecological potential of natural water objects. The purpose of the study is to analyze the natural and anthropogenic impacts on the formation of surface runoff, to determine mathematical dependencies for an adequate calculation of volumes of surface runoff, considering the anthropogenic impacts, which changes the natural features of hydrographs in watercourses and the quality of surface waters. To determine the volumes of surface runoff, it is used the methods that are based both on the direct instrumental measurements and on the construction of various digital models. In the course of the study, it has been identified the main factors influencing the formation of anthropogenic floods, as well as the most typical pollutants, which are present in the surface runoff from the areas with residential construction and artificial coating. The article proposes a number of improvements to the existing mathematical dependencies based on the theory of isochrones for a more accurate display of the processes that form the surface runoff. The resulting mathematical model can be used for predicting the surface runoff from various surfaces, both natural and those that have undergone changes as a result of anthropogenic impact, which in the future can become the basis for the development of environmental measures