Influence of TLR4 signaling on cannabidiol’s antitumor effectiveness in lung adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Lung cancer remains a predominant cancer type with high incidence and low survival rates. Key challenges in its treatment include impaired cellular mechanisms, notably resistance to apoptosis and altered immune responses. A critical aspect in this context is the heightened TLR4-mediated signaling, known to promote cell survival, metastasis, and resistance to cell death, particularly impacting immune microenvironment regulation. This study focuses on evaluating the impact of TLR4 signaling activation on potential therapeutic strategies. Methods Our research utilizes cannabidiol (CBD), a compound already employed in mitigating chemotherapy side effects in lung adenocarcinoma, recognized for its antitumor properties including antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and apoptosis-inducing effects. However, the effectiveness of CBD in lung cancer cells with elevated TLR4 signaling remains uncertain. Results Our findings reveal that the combination of CBD and TLR4 agonist affects cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and gene expression related to immune response and extracellular matrix regulation. In lung adenocarcinoma cells with activated TLR4, CBD shows an increased IC50 value, reflecting reduced antiproliferative capacity. Furthermore, its efficacy in arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis is also compromised. The influence on immune response and extracellular matrix regulation is also altered in TLR4-activated cells. Conclusions These results indicate that TLR4 activation significantly diminishes the antitumor efficacy of CBD. This highlights the importance of considering TLR4 signaling activation in future research on therapeutic agents like CBD for cancer treatment.