Simultaneous generation of first- to fourth-order OAM modes based on a cascaded preset-twist long-period fiber grating

Abstract

Abstract We propose and demonstrate the simulation and fabrication of an all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode converter capable of generating first- to fourth-order modes simultaneously, which is realized by inscribing a cascaded preset-twist long-period fiber grating (CPT-LPFG) in a six-mode fiber utilizing a CO2 laser. A new segmented Runge–Kutta method is proposed to simulate the preset-twist long-period fiber gratings. By calculating the twist angle and relative coupling coefficient for each pitch and then solving the coupled mode equations utilizing the Runge–Kutta algorithm. The simulation illustrates that the preset-twist method significantly improves the coupling coefficient of higher-order modes, thereby reducing coupling difficulty. In the experiment, by twisting the fiber at an angle of 1080° and fabricating cascaded gratings with periods of 745 μm, 310 μm, 204 μm, and 146 μm, it is feasible to generate first- to fourth-order OAM modes simultaneously, at wavelengths of 1635 nm, 1548 nm, 1460 nm, and 1334 nm, respectively. The insertion loss is less than 1 dB, and the mode purity is over 90 %. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that first- to fourth-order OAM modes are simultaneously generated utilizing a single long-period fiber grating.