1. COUNTERFACTUALS AND CAUSAL RELEVANCE
2. 1984. That the account offered in this paper deals withtoken, nottype, causal relations cannot be overemphasized. Readers are cautioned against contrasting it with much of the literature on probabilistic causation which deals withgenericcausal relations. But cf. W. Salmon,Scientific Explanation and the Causal Order of the World(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press chs. 5, 6, and 7, and E. Eells,Probabilistic Causality(New York: Cambridge University Press 1991), ch. 6. Regarding generic causal relations, cf. P. Humphreys,The Chances of Explanation(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1989), and N. Cartwright,Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement(New York: Oxford University Press 1989).
3. Causal Independence
4. Given causal relevance, some positive causal impact is interdefinable with purely negative causal impact, and similarly, some negative causal impact is interdefinable with purely positive causal impact. Given causal relevance, there is purely positive causal impact iff there isn't some negative causal impact, and there is purely negative causal impact iff there isn't some positive causal impact.